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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| U01AT009841 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institutes of Health (NIH) | NIH |
| National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) | NIH |
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Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors, elevating their risk for aggression and excessive use of force, as well as mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout, alcohol misuse, depression, and suicide. The proposed study will identify, optimize and refine best clinical and research practices across two sites to ensure success in a future multisite efficacy trial assessing preventative effects of Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training on physiological, behavioral, and psychological outcomes.
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors, elevating their risk for aggression and excessive use of force. Such dysfunctional stress reactivity can lead to devastating consequences for their community, including unjustified shootings, severe beatings, and fatal chokings. It can also lead to serious consequences for the LEOs, including elevated incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout, alcohol misuse, depression, and suicide. A recent meta-analysis of LEO stress reduction programs found little evidence to demonstrate that such approaches are effective, highlighting the urgent need for preventive interventions targeting the stress inherent to policing. Mindfulness training is a promising approach with high-stress populations that has been shown effective in reducing stress and increasing resilience. In a recent pilot feasibility study (R21AT008854), the study team established initial feasibility, acceptability, and adherence to procedures in a single-site RCT assessing Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT), a preventive intervention designed to improve LEO mental health and resilience, and reduce aggression and excessive use of force. The R21 data suggest physiological mechanisms and potential clinical benefit in a sample of LEOs. Relative to waitlist control, MBRT participants showed improvements in stress reactivity, aggression, burnout, occupational stress, sleep disturbance, and psychological flexibility. Implemented at two sites, the proposed study is designed to establish optimal protocols and procedures for a future full-scale, multi-site trial assessing effects of MBRT versus an attention control (Stress Management Education) and a no-intervention control, on physiological, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. To prepare for this future clinical trial, this study will: a) enhance efficiency of recruitment, engagement and retention; b) optimize lab, assessment, and data management procedures; c) optimize intervention training and ensure fidelity to intervention protocols; and d) assess participant experience and optimize outcome measures across sites. The long-term objective of this line of research is to develop an intervention that will reduce violence and increase resilience among LEOs, as well as yield significant benefits for communities and residents they serve.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Experimental | MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. |
|
| Stress Management Education | Active Comparator | SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. |
|
| No Intervention Control | No Intervention | No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Behavioral | MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Aggression | Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression. | baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in C-reactive Protein | Blood spot analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
| Change in Interleukin-6 | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-6. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Mexico | Albuquerque | New Mexico | 87106 | United States | ||
| Pacific University |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32111233 | Result | Christopher M, Bowen S, Witkiewitz K. Mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress and health in law enforcement officers: study protocol for a multisite, randomized, single-blind clinical feasibility trial. Trials. 2020 Feb 28;21(1):236. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4165-y. | |
| 38575888 | Derived | Christopher M, Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Grupe D, Goerling R, Hunsinger M, Oken B, Korecki T, Rosenbaum N. A multisite feasibility randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress, and health in law enforcement officers. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024 Apr 4;24(1):142. doi: 10.1186/s12906-024-04452-y. |
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All enrolled participants were assigned to a study arm.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. |
| FG001 | Stress Management Education (SME) | SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. |
| FG002 | No Intervention Control | No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-COVID Study |
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Post-COVID Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Aggression | Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup |
|
The adverse event was followed for 6 months.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant contracted COVID-19 | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michael Christopher, Ph.D. | Pacific University | 503-352-2498 | mchristopher@pacificu.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan: pre-COVID | Nov 5, 2019 | Apr 27, 2023 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan: post-COVID | Dec 8, 2020 | Apr 27, 2023 | Prot_SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Mar 4, 2021 | Dec 14, 2021 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| D000374 | Aggression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000096762 | Aberrant Motor Behavior in Dementia |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
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Individually-Randomized Group Treatment
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|
| Stress Management Education | Behavioral | SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. |
|
| baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
| Change in Interleukin-10 | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-10. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
| Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | Blood spot analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
| Change in Psychological Resilience | Brief Resilience Scale. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater resilience. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Alcohol Use | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use. Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Negative Consequences.Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use negative consequences. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Depression | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Depression. Scores range from 38-80, with higher scores indicating more depression. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Suicidal Thinking | Concise Heath Risk Tracking Scale-Self-Report. Scores range from 7-35, with higher scores indicating greater suicidal ideation. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Trauma Symptoms | PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Scores ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicating greater PTSD symptoms. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Burnout | Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Scores range from 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater burnout. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Sustained Attention | Sustained Attention to Response Task. A computer-based go/no-go task that requires participants to withhold behavioral response to a single, infrequent target presented amongst a background of frequent non-targets. Increased errors indicates less sustained attention. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Perceived Stress | Perceived Stress Scale-10. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Sleep Disturbance | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance. Scores range from 32-76, with higher scores indicating greater sleep disturbance. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Self-Compassion | Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater self-compassion. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Mindfulness | Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Change in Interoceptive Awareness | Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-II. Scores range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness. | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
| Treatment Acceptability | Postcourse satisfaction survey. Scores range from 4-16, with higher scores indicating greater treatment acceptability. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
| Treatment Compliance | Objective assessment of duration of homework practice. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
| Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | Expectancy/Credibility Questionnaire. Scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. Scores range from 7-21, with higher scores indicating greater expectancy and credibility. | baseline |
| Global Impression of Change | Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Measure of perceived change in functioning as a result of the intervention. Scores range from 3-21, with higher scores indicating a greater impression of change. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
| Forest Grove |
| Oregon |
| 97116 |
| United States |
| 38477412 | Derived | Christopher M, Ferry M, Simmons A, Vasquez A, Reynolds B, Grupe D. Psychometric properties of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-short form among law enforcement officers. Aggress Behav. 2024 Mar;50(2):e22145. doi: 10.1002/ab.22145. |
| Discontinued by Researchers |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
|
|
| BG001 | Stress Management Education | SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. Stress Management Education: SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. |
| BG002 | No Intervention Control | No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Stress Management Education (SME) |
SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. |
| OG002 | No Intervention Control | No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) |
|
|
| Secondary | Change in C-reactive Protein | Blood spot analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. | Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale "mg/L" | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Interleukin-6 | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-6. | Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale "pg/mL" | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Interleukin-10 | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-10. | Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale "pg/mL" | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | Blood spot analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale "pg/mL" | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Psychological Resilience | Brief Resilience Scale. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater resilience. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Alcohol Use | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use. Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Negative Consequences.Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use negative consequences. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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|
| Secondary | Change in Depression | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Depression. Scores range from 38-80, with higher scores indicating more depression. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Suicidal Thinking | Concise Heath Risk Tracking Scale-Self-Report. Scores range from 7-35, with higher scores indicating greater suicidal ideation. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Trauma Symptoms | PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Scores ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicating greater PTSD symptoms. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Burnout | Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Scores range from 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater burnout. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Sustained Attention | Sustained Attention to Response Task. A computer-based go/no-go task that requires participants to withhold behavioral response to a single, infrequent target presented amongst a background of frequent non-targets. Increased errors indicates less sustained attention. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | errors | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Perceived Stress | Perceived Stress Scale-10. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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| Secondary | Change in Sleep Disturbance | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance. Scores range from 32-76, with higher scores indicating greater sleep disturbance. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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| Secondary | Change in Self-Compassion | Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater self-compassion. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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| Secondary | Change in Mindfulness | Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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| Secondary | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-II. Scores range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness. | Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup |
|
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| Secondary | Treatment Acceptability | Postcourse satisfaction survey. Scores range from 4-16, with higher scores indicating greater treatment acceptability. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
|
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| Secondary | Treatment Compliance | Objective assessment of duration of homework practice. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | minutes | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | Expectancy/Credibility Questionnaire. Scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. Scores range from 7-21, with higher scores indicating greater expectancy and credibility. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | baseline |
|
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| Secondary | Global Impression of Change | Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Measure of perceived change in functioning as a result of the intervention. Scores range from 3-21, with higher scores indicating a greater impression of change. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | post-intervention (8 weeks) |
|
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| 0 |
| 50 |
| 0 |
| 50 |
| 1 |
| 50 |
| EG001 | Stress Management Education | SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. Stress Management Education: SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. | 0 | 38 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 38 |
| EG002 | No Intervention Control | No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 |
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