The purpose of this research study is to develop CT scanning and image analysis techniques to help define and measure several key properties of the pulmonary system that cannot be obtained by other tests or exams.

Specifically, the investigators are interested in understanding the difference between the normal aging process and the events that lead to emphysema. Additionally, the investigators are interested in understanding the earliest signs (lung inflammation) of the disease process leading to three lung diseases, which include emphysema, fibrosis and sarcoidosis; all of which are described as "inflammatory lung diseases." The investigators will be using the data from this study to help define the normal values for the measured properties as well as deviation from normal values in smokers without defined lung disease and patients with inflammatory lung disease. The investigators believe that the analysis and scanning techniques being developed as part of this research will provide new and previously unavailable information on normal and diseased lungs so that ultimately the investigators can detect specific changes in the lungs due to a disease and measure any improvements in the anatomy and/or function of the pulmonary system after a patient has undergone treatment. This study involves research using X-Ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, which is similar to previous CT scanners but operates much faster and provides finer image detail.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Non smokers, age 20-29, 40-49, 60-69, 80-89, cannot have smoked more than 20 cigarettes in their lifetime
• Smokers, age 20-29, 40-49, 60-69, 80-89, currently smoking a minimum of 1 pack (20 cigarettes) per day, normal smokers and mild to moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Allergies - no allergies to shellfish, eggs, iodine
• Medications - no medications (except for birth control) for in the 'normal' category
• No asthma - as self reported
• BMI (Body Mass Index) - must not exceed 32 or 100kg of weight
• No other radiology studies in the last 12 months
• No metal in lung field - no metal from larynx to stomach
• No known heart disease
• No known kidney disease or diabetes
• Must not be pregnant - subjects of childbearing potential with be given a urine pregnancy test

CT images will be shared including non-contrast images at TLC, FRC and RV as well as dual energy CT image data used to assess regional perfused blood volume. All associated pulmonary function test results will be shared. CT-derived metrics

Data will be made available starting 6 months after publication of the primary results of each aim

Data will be provided to academic-based researchers upon written request to the PI, Eric A. Hoffman, PhD. A nominal charge will be made for the time it takes for a technician to prepare and transfer the requested data. This costs will not exceed $250. This service will be available for a minimum of 2 years of study close.