The purpose of this study is to evaluate reading performance in the visual periphery by simulating central vision loss using a computer-controlled gaze-contingent display with an eye tracker. Participants will read a page of text at a comfortable rate. Several manipulations hypothesized to improve reading will be tested, such as an inverted-text "spotlight" of a single word that follows the participant's gaze.

Participants will view paragraphs of multiple sentences of text with their central vision blocked computationally with a "simulated scotoma." Participants will be free to move their eyes around the page of text at a comfortable rate. The three outcomes described elsewhere will be evaluated.

In different blocks, text will contain one or more of several dynamic assistive manipulations that are hypothesized to enhance reading: 1) inverting the text at a given position, with instructions for the participant to attend to that location, which simulates a "surrogate fovea" of a patient with central vision loss. 2) horizontally expanding text to alleviate within-word crowding. 3) highlighting the next word with a visible indicator to encourage proper eye movements.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Normal vision
• English language

Exclusion Criteria:

• Less than 20/20 vision in either eye
• Abnormalities which affect vision (amblyopia, keratoconus, etc.)
• Ortho-K lenses

To conform with open science directives, will likely post the de-identified behavioral data on a public server.