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It is stated that the affected cognitive functions in Multiple Sclerosis are learning, memory, attention, speed of information processing, visuospatial skills, and executive functions. The speed of information processing, visual learning and memory are the most frequently affected components in MS. For this reason, approaches to increase cognitive functions by activating neuroprotective mechanisms such as exercise in patients with MS are needed.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of combined exercise training on cognitive functions in patients with MS.
The study was designed as a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. This study will include patients with MS who 0-5.5 according to the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and between 18-65 years. The patient will be randomized into a combined training group and a control group. The patients in the control group will not apply an exercise training. The combined exercise training group will be given combined exercise training, consisting of Pilates and aerobic exercise, three times during 8 weeks. Both groups will be reevaluated 8 weeks after the initial assessment.
Statistical analyses will be performed using the SPSS software version 15 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The pre-training and post-training measurements of groups will be compared with the Wilcoxon Test. The significance level was set at p< 0.05.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| combined exercise training group | Experimental | The combined exercise training group will be given combined exercise training, consisting of Pilates and aerobic exercise, three times during 8 weeks. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | The patients in the control group will not apply an exercise training. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| combined exercise training | Other | The combined exercise training group will be given combined exercise training, consisting of Pilates and aerobic exercise, three times during 8 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| cognitive function | The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests | Thirty minutes] |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| functional exercise capacity | The Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT) was performed to determine functional exercise capacity | ten minutes |
| Fatigue | Fatigue impact scale will be used to asses fatigue. There are 40 items, each of which is scored 0 (no problem) to 4 (extreme problem), providing a continuous scale of 0-160. It is composed of three subscales that describe how fatigue impacts upon cognitive (10 items), physical (10 items) and psychosocial functioning (10 items). Cognitive functioning concerns concentration, memory, thinking and organization of thoughts. Physical functioning reflects motivation, effort, stamina and coordination. Psychosocial functioning describes the impact of fatigue upon isolation, emotions, workload and coping.A higher score indicates a higher fatigue impact. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cagla Ozkul | Gazi University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gazi University | Ankara | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2027484 | Background | Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology. 1991 May;41(5):685-91. doi: 10.1212/wnl.41.5.685. | |
| 17659875 | Background | Rogers JM, Panegyres PK. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: evidence-based analysis and recommendations. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 Oct;14(10):919-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.02.006. Epub 2007 Jul 30. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| D005221 | Fatigue |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
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Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial
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To ensure blinding, the assessor physiotherapist will not be aware of the arm to which the subjects belong
| five minutes |
| Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 | The questionnaire consists of 54 questions with 12 sub-sections; physical function, health perceptions, energy/fatigue, role limitations-physical, pain, sexual function, social function, health distress, the overall quality of life, emotional well-being, role limitations-emotional, cognitive function. The summary scores are the physical health composite summary and the mental health composite summary. There is no single overall score for the MSQOL-54. Two summary scores - physical health and mental health - can be derived from a weighted combination of scale scores. In this scale, the scoring of each question is different from each other and a higher score indicates a lower quality of life. | ten minutes |
| 12127658 | Background | Janculjak D, Mubrin Z, Brinar V, Spilich G. Changes of attention and memory in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002 Jul;104(3):221-7. doi: 10.1016/s0303-8467(02)00042-2. No abstract available. |
| 24515630 | Background | Rosti-Otajarvi EM, Hamalainen PI. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 11;2014(2):CD009131. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009131.pub3. |
| 17765329 | Background | Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007 Sep;30(9):464-72. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011. Epub 2007 Aug 31. |
| 20223924 | Background | Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, Browndyke JN, Sherwood A. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010 Apr;72(3):239-52. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633. Epub 2010 Mar 11. |
| 26157723 | Background | Sangelaji B, Estebsari F, Nabavi SM, Jamshidi E, Morsali D, Dastoorpoor M. The effect of exercise therapy on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients: A pilot study. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015 Apr 22;29:205. eCollection 2015. |
| 15765197 | Background | Romberg A, Virtanen A, Ruutiainen J. Long-term exercise improves functional impairment but not quality of life in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2005 Jul;252(7):839-45. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0759-2. Epub 2005 Mar 16. |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |