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Multiple sclerosis is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord involving the central nervous system. Multiple Sclerosis can cause balance and cognitive impairment in patients, affecting overall quality of life. Balance and cognitive training can effectively improve the overall executive function and mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord involving the central nervous system. Multiple Sclerosis can cause balance and cognitive impairment in patients, affecting overall quality of life. Balance and cognitive training can effectively improve the overall executive function and mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis. Enhancing cognitive abilities and balance skills in MS patients can be accomplished through cognitive rehabilitation that prioritizes processing speed. In MS patients, this kind of intervention can also delay the onset of secondary cognitive deficits. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of balance and cognitive training on executive functions, balance, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The randomized controlled trial will be carried out at multi-settings in Lahore in 10 months after the approval of synopsis. The total 42 participants meeting the inclusion criteria will be included in this study through a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Participants will be randomly assigned into 2 groups using computer generated method. Group A and Group B participants both will receive balance training, while Group A participants will also receive cognitive training twice a week for 12 weeks and each session will last for 1 hour. Outcome measure tools will be Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) for cognitive assessment, Berg balance scale BBS for balance assessment and SF36 questionnaire for assessment of quality of life. The data will be collected at baseline and post treatment to measure the outcome measures. Data will be analyzed by SPSS version 26. Statistical significance will be set at p=0.05. The normality of data will be checked by using Shapiro-Wilk test. For the between group analysis of parametric data, Independent T test will be used, while for within group analysis Paired T test will be used. Kruskal-Wallis test will be applied for non-parametric data.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Balance Training + Cognitive Rehabilitation) | Experimental | Group A will receive both balance training and cognitive rehabilitation twice a week for 12 weeks and each session will last for 1 hour. |
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| (Balance Training) | Active Comparator | Group B will receive only balance training twice a week for 12 weeks and each session will last for 1 hour. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balance training | Other |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| I. Montreal Cognitive Assessment for Cognitive Impairment: | • For Cognitive Impairment: This outcome measurement tool will be used for assessment of cognitive impairment. In patients with multiple sclerosis.MoCA is a screening instrument that evaluates seven cognitive domains on a single page and scores range from 0 to 30. The domains are: visuospatial/executive functions, naming, verbal memory registration and learning, attention, abstraction, 5-minute delayed verbal memory, and orientation.(24) The MoCA scoring suggested a cutoff score of 26, with those scoring 25 or below suspected of having (MCI).(24)MoCA had demonstrated an excellent diagnostic validity of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95)(25).The inter-rater reliability or an ICC value of MoCA was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.91-0.98. | 12 Weeks |
| II. Berg Balance Scale for balance assessment: | • For Balance assessment: This outcome measurement tool will be used for assessment of Balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. The BBS contains 14 static and dynamic balance activities related to daily life. The BBS tasks progress in challenges: from sitting to standing, standing with narrow base of support, and finally to tandem and single-leg stance. Scoring is on a 5-point ordinal scale with 0 indicating an inability to complete the task and 4 as independent with completing the task.(22).The maximum score of 56 indicates good balance. The scale takes approximately 10 to 20 minutes to complete requiring minimal equipment (chair, stopwatch, ruler, and step) and minimal space.(22)The score of 56 indicates the normal functional balance.(22).The score less than 45 will indicates the higher risk of fall due to impaired balance.(22).The validity of the BBS is (7 = -0.50, P <.001,4 and r = -0.58, P < 005).(26).BBS had strong test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.90).26 | 12 Weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| III. Short form of SF 36-Item health survey for Quality of life: | • For assessment of Quality of life: A 36-item short-form (SF-36) was constructed to survey health status and quality of life. The SF-36 includes one multi-item scale that assesses eight health concepts: 1) limitations in physical activities because of health assesses eight health concepts: 1) limitations in physical activities because of health problems; 2) limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems; 3) limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems; 4) bodily pain; 5) general mental health (psychological distress and well-being); 6) limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems; 7) vitality (energy and fatigue); and 8) general health perceptions. The survey is constructed for self-administration by persons 14 years of age and older, and for administration by a trained therapist as well.(27).The items are categorized, totaled, and converted into a scale ranging from 0 (the worst condition of health) to 100 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imran Amjad | Contact | 03324390125 | imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sabiha Arshad M.Phill | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jinnah Hospital | Recruiting | Lahore | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33292455 | Background | Schedler S, Tenelsen F, Wich L, Muehlbauer T. Effects of balance training on balance performance in youth: role of training difficulty. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2020 Nov 23;12(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00218-4. | |
| 28731508 | Background | Carson N, Leach L, Murphy KJ. A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;33(2):379-388. doi: 10.1002/gps.4756. Epub 2017 Jul 21. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000091942 | Cognitive Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000066530 | Neurological Rehabilitation |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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|
| Cognitive Rehabilitation: | Other |
|
|
| 12 Weeks |
| 33257490 | Background | Gil-Gonzalez I, Martin-Rodriguez A, Conrad R, Perez-San-Gregorio MA. Quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 30;10(11):e041249. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041249. |
| 33433260 | Background | Azimian M, Yaghoubi Z, Ahmadi Kahjoogh M, Akbarfahimi N, Haghgoo HA, Vahedi M. The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Balance Skills of Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Occup Ther Health Care. 2021 Jan;35(1):93-104. doi: 10.1080/07380577.2021.1871698. Epub 2021 Jan 12. |
| 38259873 | Background | Arntzen EC, Braaten T, Fikke HK, Normann B. Feasibility of a new intervention addressing group-based balance and high-intensity training, physical activity, and employment in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Rehabil Sci. 2024 Jan 8;4:1258737. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1258737. eCollection 2023. |
| 38385033 | Background | Perucca L, Scarano S, Russo G, Robecchi Majnardi A, Caronni A. Fatigue may improve equally after balance and endurance training in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, crossover clinical trial. Front Neurol. 2024 Jan 19;15:1274809. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1274809. eCollection 2024. |
| 37739574 | Background | Feinstein A, Amato MP, Brichetto G, Chataway J, Chiaravalloti ND, Cutter G, Dalgas U, DeLuca J, Farrell R, Feys P, Filippi M, Freeman J, Inglese M, Meza C, Motl RW, Rocca MA, Sandroff BM, Salter A; CogEx Research Team. Cognitive rehabilitation and aerobic exercise for cognitive impairment in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (CogEx): a randomised, blinded, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Oct;22(10):912-924. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00280-6. |
| 33989458 | Background | Henry A, Lannoy S, Chaunu MP, Tourbah A, Montreuil M. Social cognition and executive functioning in multiple sclerosis: A cluster-analytic approach. J Neuropsychol. 2022 Mar;16(1):97-115. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12248. Epub 2021 May 14. |
| 17388952 | Background | Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol. 2007 Apr;17(2):210-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x. |
| 36216015 | Background | Graves JS, Krysko KM, Hua LH, Absinta M, Franklin RJM, Segal BM. Ageing and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Jan;22(1):66-77. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00184-3. Epub 2022 Oct 7. |
| 36413229 | Background | Marcus R. What Is Multiple Sclerosis? JAMA. 2022 Nov 22;328(20):2078. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.14236. |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |