Telemedicine allows screening of subjects with limited access to eye care. Failure of screenees to come for full examination was identified as a serious problem. Teleglaucoma should allow a single physician access to screenees in real time. The investigators aim to test the technical feasibility of developing a system for teleglaucoma that will allow a physician real time access to patient information and images and compare it to traditional physical presence evaluation in glaucoma clinics. This system can be applied during telemedicine for glaucoma and other vision threatening diseases.

Research Plan including Methods

Investigators propose to develop a program for teleglaucoma and to validate it for patient care outcomes. The study will be conducted in two phases. The first phase will establish the technical foundation for the teleophthalmology system; the second phase will investigate the clinical impact of teleglaucoma.

Phase I: Investigators will develop and test technical aspects of a teleophthalmology system for glaucoma. Phase II will evaluate the impact of teleglaucoma on patient care outcomes.

Phase I. Development and Validation of a Teleophthalmology System in Glaucoma. By partnering with an ongoing telemedicine program at the Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (IOVS), investigators will develop and test a system for telemedicine in glaucoma. In this phase, a wireless secure telemedicine system will be assembled that allows real-time access to participant subject screening data and images. The teleophthalmology system will be used and tested during telemedicine screening operations that are conducted by the investigators telemedicine team monthly in NJ. Telemedicine screenings occur all over the state of NJ at community centers, schools, places of worship, soup kitchens, other.

Telemedicine system component assembly: Integration to imaging equipment, setup, installation, and training of personnel will be performed.

In summary, this phase includes setup of imaging equipment (anterior segment and fundus camera) to the system, training of personnel, and post-installation quality checks by a communication technology expert. The server and specialized software will be customized for data entry, storage and display of selected patient health data in a secure configuration for internet access. Data obtained during routine IOVS telemedicine outreach program screening including demographic data, medical and ocular history, comprehensive ocular screening data (including imaging of the anterior and posterior ocular segments) will be configured for real time remote access by a physician. This phase also includes obtaining license to access a secure connection, and system configuration to allow data to be encrypted and securely transmitted using a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. Virtual storage of data will be configured, and monitors with visualization technology applications will be installed to communicate with the imaging devices used in telemedicine.

During this phase quality measures will be tracked, recorded and analyzed. Those system quality checks will include 1. quality of acquired and transmitted ocular images (exposure, color, focus, etc.) 2. data security (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine encryption) 3. speed of data transmission (real-time network streamlining, interruptions and delays) obtained during each testing session.

Phase II. Patient Outcomes: Teleglaucoma vs Conventional Care

A population of patients seeking glaucoma care at IOVS glaucoma clinics will be included in this phase of the study. Subjects will be enrolled over a 6 month period. Subjects referred to or who are established patients at IOVS' glaucoma clinics will be enrolled on the same day in the teleglaucoma screening program and glaucoma clinic (physical presence). Two glaucoma fellowship-trained physician investigators will perform diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations during teleglaucoma and in glaucoma clinics. Participant patients will go through the consent process. All questions about the study will be explained by investigators. Upon consent process completion the participant will first undergo testing through the telemedicine protocol (see below). Data and images will then be transmitted. The investigator physician evaluating teleglaucoma data will assess the patient data and a diagnosis, management and follow-up recommendation will be made. The participant subject will then proceed to glaucoma clinic, where the participant will be examined by the investigator physician in the glaucoma clinic according to standard of care practices. The investigator physician physically present in the glaucoma clinics and the investigator physician in the teleglaucoma reading room will be masked to each other's recommendations regarding diagnostic tests and therapeutic recommendations.

Data regarding the accuracy of diagnostic tests (e.g., visual acuity, tonometry, optic nerve assessment, and other routine glaucoma tests) from teleglaucoma and from physical presence will be compared. The accuracy of glaucoma diagnosis (no glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, confirmed Glaucoma) and management recommendations will also be compared. Parameters to be studied will include comparisons of LogMAR visual acuity, tonometry, ocular examination and particularly optic nerve evaluation (estimation of vertical and horizontal cup-to-disc ratio, presence of signs of glaucomatous neuropathy: disc hemorrhage, notching, localized pallor, and asymmetry in cup-to-disc ratio of the two eyes >0.2 disc diameters, among others). Limitations to an adequate ocular examination or imaging during teleglaucoma and physical presence will be tracked. Inter-observer agreement between the two arms (teleglaucoma and physical presence) will be determined.

The accuracy of glaucoma diagnosis, i.e., confirmed glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, no glaucoma, as well as management recommendations, i.e., monitoring care, therapeutic interventions, obtained via teleglaucoma and physical presence will be compared. Statistical analyses will be performed on collected data. All data will be collected by subject codes. No protected health information will be gathered. Statistical analysis will be performed using statistical software through consultation with a statistician.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult patients with glaucoma or who are glaucoma suspects

Exclusion Criteria:

• Physical limitations precluding image acquisition like the inability to position for imaging or the inability to acquire images/testing

Investigators in teleglaucoma and conventional glaucoma clinics are masked to one another