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The first aim of the present study was to investigate reliability, validity and responsiveness to the minimal clinically important difference, which is defined as the smallest change in score corresponding to clinically meaningful change realized by patient, of the squares test in people with PD.
The second aim of the study is to determine the relationship between hand function and both trunk control and balance in PD population.
At baseline, the ST, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) Scale, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) was applied to the PS group when the patients were "on" period. The ST was repeated after seven days from the first application when PD group were "on" period to evaluate its reliability.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with Parkinson's Disease | Parkinson's Disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1-4) |
| |
| Healthy controls | Healthy people |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The squares test | Other | The squares test (ST) originally used in handedness is modified. The ST is a reliable, not time-consuming and easy to administer test for evaluated hand function. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Squares Test | The Squares Test is used to evaluate hand function. | 2 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Nine-Hole Peg Test | The Nine-Hole Peg Test is used to evaluate hand function. | 2 minutes |
| Berg Balance Scale | Functional balance performance was assessed with the Berg Balance scale. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients with Parkinson's Disease who apply to the Dokuz Eylül University Hospital will be invited to this study.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fatih Söke | Gazi University | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1478086 | Background | Annett M. Five tests of hand skill. Cortex. 1992 Dec;28(4):583-600. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80229-8. | |
| 17908573 | Background | Verheyden G, Willems AM, Ooms L, Nieuwboer A. Validity of the trunk impairment scale as a measure of trunk performance in people with Parkinson's disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Oct;88(10):1304-8. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.772. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010300 | Parkinson Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020734 | Parkinsonian Disorders |
| D001480 | Basal Ganglia Diseases |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
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| 15 minutes |
| Trunk Impairment Scale | Trunk control was assessed by the Trunk Impairment Scale. | 20 minutes |
| 21071506 | Background | Leddy AL, Crowner BE, Earhart GM. Functional gait assessment and balance evaluation system test: reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity for identifying individuals with Parkinson disease who fall. Phys Ther. 2011 Jan;91(1):102-13. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100113. Epub 2010 Nov 11. |
| 22020457 | Background | Earhart GM, Cavanaugh JT, Ellis T, Ford MP, Foreman KB, Dibble L. The 9-hole PEG test of upper extremity function: average values, test-retest reliability, and factors contributing to performance in people with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011 Dec;35(4):157-63. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e318235da08. |
| 25301441 | Background | Proud EL, Miller KJ, Bilney B, Balachandran S, McGinley JL, Morris ME. Evaluation of measures of upper limb functioning and disability in people with Parkinson disease: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Mar;96(3):540-551.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.016. Epub 2014 Oct 7. |
| 18649388 | Background | Gebhardt A, Vanbellingen T, Baronti F, Kersten B, Bohlhalter S. Poor dopaminergic response of impaired dexterity in Parkinson's disease: Bradykinesia or limb kinetic apraxia? Mov Disord. 2008 Sep 15;23(12):1701-6. doi: 10.1002/mds.22199. |
| 27132653 | Background | Foki T, Vanbellingen T, Lungu C, Pirker W, Bohlhalter S, Nyffeler T, Kraemmer J, Haubenberger D, Fischmeister FP, Auff E, Hallett M, Beisteiner R. Limb-kinetic apraxia affects activities of daily living in Parkinson's disease: a multi-center study. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Aug;23(8):1301-7. doi: 10.1111/ene.13021. Epub 2016 May 1. |
| 17566426 | Background | Gillen G, Boiangiu C, Neuman M, Reinstein R, Schaap Y. Trunk posture affects upper extremity function of adults. Percept Mot Skills. 2007 Apr;104(2):371-80. doi: 10.2466/pms.104.2.371-380. |
| 10952366 | Background | Schenkman M, Morey M, Kuchibhatla M. Spinal flexibility and balance control among community-dwelling adults with and without Parkinson's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Aug;55(8):M441-5. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.8.m441. |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| D000080874 | Synucleinopathies |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |