The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a Proficiency Based Progression training programme, together with evidence based individual feedback for any residual errors, which has been specifically developed for healthcare professionals performing phlebotomy at Cork University Hospital at reducing blood sampling errors including Wrong Blood in Tube (WBIT). This will allow us to internationally address the universal problem of sample mislabeling and WBIT. A pilot project which consisted of PBP delivered to 46 interns commencing work in July 2017 has shown a 47% reduction in haematology errors and a 67% reduction in WBITs in the haematology department. However, the sample size was small to result in a statistically significant reduction in WBITs and the investigators are concerned that the results were undermined by the fact that SHOs were not using the method outlined by the metric and may have influenced the standard practice of interns. This study by training interns and SHOs will be better able to determine the influence of the training programme in reducing error rates.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of a Proficiency Based Progression Training programme, together with evidence based individual feedback for any residual errors, which has been specifically developed for healthcare professionals performing phlebotomy at Cork University Hospital at reducing blood sampling errors including Wrong Blood in Tube (WBIT) .The investigators will use the research data generated to recommend an evidence based training and competency assessment approach to health care providers in Ireland,. This will allow us to internationally address the universal problem of sample mislabeling and WBIT.

METHODS Subjects All SHO (128) and intern (46) trainees working at participating sites during an 18-month timeframe will be asked to participate. For interns the investigators will expect their participation in the two weeks before they commence work in June/July 2018/9. For SHO's the investigators will ensure training is integrated as part of their normal work routine and hospital practices. Participation will be expected and the investigators have secured the backing of the hospital executive management group, clinical directors and university teachers for implementation of this study.

Proficiency based progression training The phlebotomy metric which was developed at CUH in 2017 is the provides the key tool in the development of the PBP training programme. All interns and SHOs in institutions participating in the study will receive PBP training. All trainees will be required to engage with an online didactic education package and a simulation skill training module. Both of these education and training platforms will be derived from the procedure characterisation and benchmarked on experienced practitioner's performance. Trainees will be required to engage with the education and training platforms in a process of deliberate practice learning until they demonstrate the requisite performance benchmark. Only at that point will they be allowed to take samples in a clinical setting. Proficiency demonstration will be mandatory before progressing to ward proctored skill supervision on real patients. In addition, the doctors in training will receive ongoing and proximate feedback on their sampling mislabeling (including wrong blood in tube) performance as soon as it is discovered. Furthermore, they would be responsible for taking the new sample and explain to the patient the accurate reason why the blood sample had to be re-taken, as per open disclosure policy in the HSE.

Comparison Groups The control groups will be derived from extensive baseline data from CUH hospitals from trainees

Control group A: 1 -year historical data (2016/2017) The blood sampling error rate in the interns receiving PBP training in 2018 will be compared to historical data on doctors who would have received whatever training they would normally undergo as a part of their existing training program. It will not differ from what they would normally receive at that institution.

Control group B (2017/2018) In a pilot project in July 2017, 46 interns received the phlebotomy PBP training at CUH. The error rates in the interns in 2017 will be compared to the newly trained interns in 2018 to determine the effectiveness of the training over time.

Data collection at Cork University Hospital The Medically qualified clinical researcher Dr Noirin O'Herlihy, will set up and co-ordinate training for the two medical groups. She will inform the Interns and SHO in formal and informal sessions. She will be present at session to ensure accurate simulation of real life ward environments. She will obtain written informed consent from the medics in simulation and collect baseline demographic data on all doctors in training participating in the study.

Once competency has been demonstrated in simulation, she will be responsible for setting up real life clinical, monitored competency assessment in the real ward setting. Data collection will take place using an agreed standard operating procedure which is closely adhered to by all data collection sites.

Inclusion Criteria:

All blood samples performed at Cork Unversity Hospital and Kerry General Hospital by Doctors in Training

Exclusion Criteria:

If the doctor is not using his own log in to request blood samples on the clinical manager software If the doctor does not attend the training session

The study data will be made available once the study is completed by contacting the principal investigator

18 months

At completion of the study