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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Marymount University | OTHER |
| Dong-Eui University | OTHER |
| University of Nebraska | OTHER |
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Aging is associated with progressive decreases in arterial health and function as well as overall fitness. It is crucial to prevent or reduce the negative effects of aging on the vasculature and fitness components by implementing appropriate lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. We examined the effects of a swimming (SWM) regimen on arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV), blood pressure (BP), wave reflection (AIx), muscle strength and aerobic capacity in elderly women with stage 2 hypertension.
Using a parallel experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to either SWM (n=52) or non-exercising control group (n=48) for 20 weeks. Participant in the SWM group trained 3-4 days/week, progressing in duration from 25 to 45 min. Participants' carotid to radial PWV (crPWV), systolic and diastolic BP, AIx, strength and VO2max were measured at baseline and after 20 weeks of their assigned intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Swimming | Experimental | Participants performed SWM training (combination of free style, breast stroke, and backstroke) for 20 weeks. For the first 5 weeks subjects swam 25-30 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at ~60% of maximal heart rate. As their overall level of fitness and exercise skill improved, the intensity and duration of exercise increased to 40-45 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at an intensity of 70-75% of the HRmax. Target HR was adjusted based on the observation that maximal heart rate during SWM is approximately 12 beats/min lower than that during running. Each subject was instructed to swim continuously except during the time needed for checking a target heart rate |
|
| Control | No Intervention | Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swimming | Behavioral | This group completed 20-weeks of swimming |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Arterial Stiffness | via Pulse Wave Velocity | 20-weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic Blood Pressure | systolic blood pressure | 20-weeks |
| Pressure Wave Reflection | via Augmentation Index | 20-weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30562322 | Derived | Wong A, Kwak YS, Scott SD, Pekas EJ, Son WM, Kim JS, Park SY. The effects of swimming training on arterial function, muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory capacity in postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension. Menopause. 2018 Dec 17;26(6):653-658. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001288. |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Swimming | Participants performed SWM training (combination of free style, breast stroke, and backstroke) for 20 weeks. For the first 5 weeks subjects swam 25-30 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at ~60% of maximal heart rate. As their overall level of fitness and exercise skill improved, the intensity and duration of exercise increased to 40-45 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at an intensity of 70-75% of the HRmax. Target HR was adjusted based on the observation that maximal heart rate during SWM is approximately 12 beats/min lower than that during running. Each subject was instructed to swim continuously except during the time needed for checking a target heart rate Swimming: This group completed 20-weeks of swimming |
| FG001 | Control | Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Swimming | Participants performed SWM training (combination of free style, breast stroke, and backstroke) for 20 weeks. For the first 5 weeks subjects swam 25-30 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at ~60% of maximal heart rate. As their overall level of fitness and exercise skill improved, the intensity and duration of exercise increased to 40-45 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at an intensity of 70-75% of the HRmax. Target HR was adjusted based on the observation that maximal heart rate during SWM is approximately 12 beats/min lower than that during running. Each subject was instructed to swim continuously except during the time needed for checking a target heart rate Swimming: This group completed 20-weeks of swimming |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Arterial Stiffness | via Pulse Wave Velocity | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | m/s | 20-weeks |
|
6 months
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Swimming | Participants performed SWM training (combination of free style, breast stroke, and backstroke) for 20 weeks. For the first 5 weeks subjects swam 25-30 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at ~60% of maximal heart rate. As their overall level of fitness and exercise skill improved, the intensity and duration of exercise increased to 40-45 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at an intensity of 70-75% of the HRmax. Target HR was adjusted based on the observation that maximal heart rate during SWM is approximately 12 beats/min lower than that during running. Each subject was instructed to swim continuously except during the time needed for checking a target heart rate Swimming: This group completed 20-weeks of swimming |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Song-Young Park | The University of Nebraska at Omaha | 402-554-3374 | song-youngpark@unomaha.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Mar 25, 2019 | Jun 21, 2019 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013550 | Swimming |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008124 | Locomotion |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Muscular Strength | via Hand Grip Dynamometer | 20-weeks |
| Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Volume of Maximal Oxygen Consumption) | via Cornell Modified Bruce treadmill volume of oxygen consumption maximum (VO2max) test | 20-weeks |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | 20 weeks |
| BG001 | Control | Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Pressure wave reflection | augmentation index (percentage of pressure wave reflection), normalized to 75bpm | Mean | Standard Deviation | percent |
|
| Systolic Blood Pressure | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg |
|
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg |
|
| Arterial stiffness | carotid-to-radial pulse wave velocity | Mean | Standard Deviation | m/s |
|
| Muscular strength | hand grip dynamometry | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg |
|
| Cardiorespiratory endurance | Bruce treadmill test, VO2max | Mean | Standard Deviation | mL/kg/min |
|
| Control |
Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games |
|
|
| Secondary | Systolic Blood Pressure | systolic blood pressure | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | millimeters of mercury (mmHg) | 20-weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Pressure Wave Reflection | via Augmentation Index | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % of wave reflection | 20-weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Muscular Strength | via Hand Grip Dynamometer | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kilograms (kg) | 20-weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Volume of Maximal Oxygen Consumption) | via Cornell Modified Bruce treadmill volume of oxygen consumption maximum (VO2max) test | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mL/kg/min | 20-weeks |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | millimeters of mercury (mmHg) | 20 weeks |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 52 |
| 0 |
| 52 |
| 0 |
| 52 |
| EG001 | Control | Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games | 0 | 48 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 48 |
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| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |