Our aim is to assess the effects of moderate consumption of beer and non-alcoholic beer on gut microbiota and biochemical biomarkers in healthy adults.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult men (18-65 years);
• Healthy volunteers free of chronic diseases with relevant effect on gastrointestinal system;
• Without a diagnosis of any digestive disease including functional bowel disorders such as IBS;
• Moderate alcohol consumers;
• Willing and able to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Documented cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease - angina or recent or old myocardial infarction or previous or cerebral vascular accident, peripheral vascular disease);
• With diabetes or other relevant metabolic diseases;
• With any known infectious diseases, namely infections with HIV, Hepatitis B or C virus;
• Intake of antibiotics in the last 4 weeks and laxatives in the last 2 weeks;
• Subjects with history of drug, alcohol or other substances abuse.