Antiphospholipid antibodies are autoantibodies directed against phospholipid-binding proteins. Among these groups of antibodies, lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL)

APLS can be primary when no evidence of autoimmune disease is found, or secondary to autoimmune processes like systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) in a 40% of the cases.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Singleton pregnancy.

  • Gestational age of 34-37 weeks.
  • Pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome

Exclusion Criteria:

• Twin or multiple pregnancies.
• Congenital fetal anomalies.
• Gestational age of less than 34.
• Gestational age of more than 37.
• Women with placental or umbilical artery anomalies.
• Antepartum hemorrhage (placental abruption, placenta previa and vasa previa).
• Posterior placenta.
• History of rupture of membrane.
• Patient refusal or fall outs.

pregnant females with antiphospholipid syndrome

Singleton pregnancy.

• Gestational age of 34-37 weeks.
• Pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome

The research data will be published