Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic thrombosis and bad obstetric history. APS secondary to another medical disorder is the most common. Visual and ocular changes e.g. vaso-occlusive disease of retinal and choroidal vessels are found in patients with secondary APS. Patients with primary APS have also been reported to have ocular changes e.g. retinal vascular occlusion

The aim of our study to detect prevalence of ocular changes in women diagnosed with primary APS and correlation of these changes with adverse obstetric outcome. If a correlation is present, ocular findings in women with APS could be used in the future as a predictor for poor obstetric outcome.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 18 to 35 years
• Females with primary antiphospholipid syndrome

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age: below 18 years and above 35 years
• Auto-immune diseases e.g. SLE and other connective tissue disease
• Medical diseases causing retinal vascular changes e.g. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia.
• Previous vitreo-retinal surgery

Female patients (inpatient or outpatient) with primary antiphospholipid syndrome at Kasr-Alainy hospital (The Cairo University Hospital)