bread and that rice-bran soymilk will have an additional beneficial effect on the glucose and insulin The proposed research project is important because it will provide, for the first time, evidence on the benefits of the addition of rice-bran to soymilk by measuring the acute effect on the glycaemic and insulinaemic response in co-consumption with a high GI meal in Asians. Investigators hypothesize that soymilk will lower the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of white response. This will have an important implication for public health as investigators will understand better how additional dietary fibre can improve the local diet which is typically of high GI values. Ultimately, results from this project will enable the development of dietary recommendations for better glycaemic control in Asian people.

The study will recruit 15-20 young healthy Asian men of Chinese descent. Volunteers will visit Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC) on 5 occasions: once for consenting and screening procedures (visit 1) and four additional times, interspaced by a minimum of 2 days, to follow a 3 hour test session (Visit 2-5). The study aims to compare the effects of four different test meals , White bread, White bread , Rice-bran soymilk with white bread, Soymilk with white bread, on the glycaemic and insulinaemic response. Visit 1 (screening): For screening, potential subjects will come in the morning after an overnight fast. After obtaining informed consent, a series of screening tests will be conducted, including questionnaires (general health, physical activity and eating behaviour), anthropometry (height, weight, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Visits 2 to 5 (four experimental trials, in random order): Each of the four study visits will last for approximately 3 hours in the morning, during which the following will take place:During each test session, the subject arrives at the centre between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning after an overnight fast and has been instructed to avoid any physical activity/exercise and alcohol on the day prior to the test. The session will start by placing an indwelling catheter into a vein in the forearm by trained personnel in a sterile environment. The catheter will be kept patent at all times and left on the forearm until the end of the session. Blood samples will then be taken from the cannula and from a finger prick to measure baseline levels of metabolites. Finger pricks will be done using disposable individual lancets which can cause minimal discomfort. After obtaining baseline blood samples, the subject will be given the test meal to consume within 15 minutes. Following the consumption of the test meal, blood samples (from the cannula and finger pricks) will be collected at periodic intervals (every 15 minutes for the first 90 minutes and every 30 minutes for the remaining 90 minutes). At each time point, a maximum of 5mL of blood will be drawn. In addition, at the same time points, finger prick blood samples will be taken for glucose analysis. At the end of 3 hours of testing, the catheter will be removed and the subject will be free to leave the laboratory. During the entire test session, the subject will have to stay rested and in the laboratory. Television and a workspace will be provided to the subject. In total over the 4 sessions, a maximum of 200 mL of blood (approximately 40 teaspoons) will be collected as part of this study. The blood obtained will be used to measure parameters such as glucose and insulin. Any blood obtained during the course of this study will be stored and analysed for the purposes of this study for a period not exceeding 3 years upon completion of this study. All the study diets will be prepared in the CNRC food preparation kitchen and will use locally sourced ingredients and food purchased from local supermarkets and food distributors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male
• Age between 21-60 years
• Chinese Ethnicity
• Body mass index between 18.5 - 29 kg/m2
• Fasting blood glucose < 7 mmol/L
• Normal blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg)

Exclusion Criteria:

• have metabolic diseases (such as diabetes, hypertension etc.)
• have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• Currently on prescription medication that may affect metabolism
• Intentionally restrict food intake
• Allergic to wheat bread, rice bran and soya bean

All healthy male subjects