Transcranial Pulse Near-Infrared Light in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a Placebo-Controlled Study

Transcranial Pulse Near-Infrared Light in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a Placebo-Controlled Study (Lighten-GAD)

Transcranial Light Therapy involves non-invasive and invisible beams of light that increase energy metabolism in the brain. Transcranial light therapy has been found to promote brain metabolism which may help people with anxiety. The research team proposes a novel approach to treating anxiety by using transcranial light therapy.

The purpose of this study is to see if using Transcranial Light Therapy (TLT), also called near- infrared light, helps improve symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Subjects will be randomized at a 1:2 ratio into 2 groups: pulse light (TLT) and sham. The sham group will be randomized after 8 weeks at a 1:1 ratio in to TLT and sham.

The study involves 1 screening visit which may last up to 3 hours, 16 weekly study visits, and one follow-up visit. There are 2 in-office treatment visits, during which a clinician applies transcranial light therapy to the participant's head for about 30 minutes. The other study visits involve assessments with a study clinician. The participants will administer the treatment once daily at home during the 16-week treatment period.

If a participant qualifies for the study, the study team assigns the participant by chance to receive either active transcranial light therapy or sham transcranial light therapy treatment. During sham transcranial light therapy visits, the transcranial light therapy device will not produce near infrared waves (e.g., light energy that cannot penetrate the skin and cranium). Participants have more than an equal chance of being assigned to the active transcranial light therapy or the sham transcranial light therapy over the course of the study. Neither the participant, nor the clinician, nor any research staff other than the study statistician will know which study group the participant belongs.

Participants are randomized a second time after 8-weeks in the study. If the participant were in the sham group the first 8-weeks, that participant may receive the active transcranial light therapy treatment after re-randomization. If the participant were already in the active transcranial light therapy group during the first 8-weeks the participant continues receiving the active treatment. All in all, participants have a 2 in 3 chance of receiving the active transcranial light therapy treatment at some point during the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects age at screening will be between 18 and 70 years old (inclusive).
• Diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (MINI) - primary disorder
• CGI-S ≥4 or higher, i.e., "moderately anxious"
• Women of child-bearing potential must use a double-barrier method for birth control (e.g. condoms plus spermicide) if sexually active.
• Subject Informed Consent obtained in writing in compliance with local regulations prior to enrollment into this study.
• The subject is willing to participate in this study for at least 16 weeks.
• Subjects will need to be on stable dose(s) of anti-anxiety treatments (if taking any) for at least six weeks prior to enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• The subject is pregnant or lactating.
• Structured psychotherapy focused on treating the subject's anxiety (i.e. CBT) and other alternative interventions for anxiety are permitted if started at least 8 weeks prior to the screening visit.
• Substance dependence or abuse in the past 3 months.
• History of a psychotic disorder or psychotic episode (current psychotic episode per MINI assessment).
• Bipolar affective disorder (per MINI assessment).
• Unstable medical illness, defined as any medical illness which is not well-controlled with standard-of-care medications (e.g., insulin for diabetes mellitus, HCTZ for hypertension).
• Active suicidal or homicidal ideation (both intention and plan are present), as determined by C-SSRS screening.
• Cognitive impairment (MOCA<21)
• The subject has a significant skin condition (i.e., hemangioma, scleroderma, psoriasis, rash, open wound or tattoo) on the subject's scalp that is found to be in proximity to any of the procedure sites.
• The subject has an implant of any kind in the head (e.g. stent, clipped aneurysm, embolised AVM, implantable shunt - Hakim valve).
• Any use of light-activated drugs (photodynamic therapy) within 14 days prior to study enrollment (in US: Visudine (verteporfin) - for age related macular degeneration; Aminolevulinic Acid- for actinic keratoses; Photofrin (porfimer sodium) - for esophageal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer; Levulan Kerastick (aminolevulinic acid HCl) - for actinic keratosis; 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)- for non-melanoma skin cancer)
• Recent history of stroke (90 days).