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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Naval Health Research Center | FED |
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This study uses a randomized controlled trial design to compare the psychological effects of surf therapy to hike therapy in active duty service members who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder.
This prospective, longitudinal randomized controlled trial will enroll up to 86 active duty service members with major depressive disorder who are seeking surf or hike therapy as part of their standard medical care. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive 6 weeks of either surf or hike therapy. Assessor-administered and self-report measures will be completed at pre- and post-program, as well as three months following program completion. Participants also will complete brief, self-report assessments before and after each program activity session.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surf Therapy | Experimental | Participants receive a physical activity-based intervention, which in this arm is surf therapy. Each service member is paired with a surf instructor who typically works with them each week for the length of the program. |
|
| Hike Therapy | Active Comparator | Participants receive a physical activity-based intervention, which in this arm is hike therapy. During hike therapy, service members may hike together or at a self-selected pace. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity-based Interventions | Behavioral | Participants will be randomized to one of two physical activity-based interventions, surf or hike therapy. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | The MADRS is a widely used, semi-structured, clinical-interview assessment of depression symptom severity that is intended to be sensitive to change following an intervention. | 5 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) | The PCL-5 is a self-report instrument assessing PTSD symptom severity. | 5 months |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | The GAD-7 is a self-report instrument that assesses the presence and severity of generalized anxiety disorder. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Rating Scale (PRS) | The PRS is a self-report measure that assesses current level of pain. It consists of one item rated on an 11-point scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). | 5 months |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cynthia J. Thomsen, Ph.D. | Naval Health Research Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naval Medical Center San Diego | San Diego | California | 92134 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31485546 | Background | Walter KH, Otis NP, Glassman LH, Ray TN, Michalewicz-Kragh B, Kobayashi Elliott KT, Thomsen CJ. Comparison of surf and hike therapy for active duty service members with major depressive disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of novel interventions in a naturalistic setting. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019 Aug 21;16:100435. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100435. eCollection 2019 Dec. | |
| 36805672 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Link to outcomes manuscript | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003865 | Depressive Disorder, Major |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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Consenting active duty service members with major depressive disorder will be randomized to receive 6 weeks of either surf or hike therapy. Participants will be allowed to receive the other intervention (i.e., the condition that they were not originally randomized to) if interested after the initial intervention period.
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The assessor will be blinded to participants' intervention condition.
| 5 months |
| Short Form Health Survey - 36 Item, Version 2 (SF-36) | The SF-36 is a widely used questionnaire that assesses functioning physical and mental health based on eight summary measures. | 5 months |
| Positive and Negative Affect scales (PANAS) | PANAS is a self-report instrument that measures the extent of 20 feelings and emotions experienced within the past few hours. | 5 months |
| Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | The ISI is a 7-item self-report measure that assesses the nature, severity, and impact of insomnia. | 5 months |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | The PHQ-9 is a self-report instrument that assesses the presence and severity | 5 months |
| Result |
| Walter KH, Otis NP, Ray TN, Glassman LH, Beltran JL, Kobayashi Elliott KT, Michalewicz-Kragh B. A randomized controlled trial of surf and hike therapy for U.S. active duty service members with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Feb 17;23(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04452-7. |
| 38976384 | Result | Otis NP, Walter KH, Glassman LH, Ray TN, Kobayashi Elliott KT, Michalewicz-Kragh B. Comorbidity of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of surf and hike therapies among service members. Psychol Trauma. 2024 Dec;16(Suppl 3):S688-S697. doi: 10.1037/tra0001673. Epub 2024 Jul 8. |
| 38397730 | Result | Glassman LH, Otis NP, Kobayashi Elliott KT, Michalewicz-Kragh B, Walter KH. Gender Differences in Psychological Outcomes Following Surf versus Hike Therapy among U.S. Service Members. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Feb 19;21(2):241. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21020241. |
| 37359884 | Result | Walter KH, Otis NP, Miggantz EL, Ray TN, Glassman LH, Beltran JL, Kobayashi Elliott KT, Michalewicz-Kragh B. Psychological and functional outcomes following a randomized controlled trial of surf and hike therapy for U.S. service members. Front Psychol. 2023 Jun 8;14:1185774. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1185774. eCollection 2023. |