Cytokines concentrations in circulating and adipose or liver tissue

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores from 0-30, and the test means better cognition with a higher score.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores from 0-30, and the test means better cognition with a higher score.

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scores from 0-800, and the test means better cognition with a higher score.

The Trial Making Test (TMT) provides a measure of processing speed, which consists of part A and part B (TMT-A and TMT-B). The time limits for performing the TMT-A and TMT-B are 180 and 300 seconds, respectively. Processing speed is estimated by the sum of the consuming time to complete TMT-A and TMT-B such that less time indicate faster processing speed.

The Victoria Stroop Color-Word Test is a well-known measure of executive functioning. There are three indices including Stroop-dot, Stroop-word and Stroop-color word in the test. The color task consists of colored dots; the word task comprises ordinary words that are unrelated to the meaning of color; the color-word task consists of words written in color that indicate the meaning of the color, but the color of these words differs from the meaning of the word itself. The participants were asked to quickly read the color of the dots or Chinese words on the cards. The sum of consuming time taken to read the three cards is used as an index of executive function performance. Less time indicates better executive function.

All patients underwent odor-induced task fMRI on a 3.0T MR scanner