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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| California Walnut Commission | OTHER |
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Investigators planed to conduct a randomized, controlled, crossover trial to examine the effects of daily walnuts intake among Korean subjects with metabolic syndrome. Primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of daily walnut intake on changes of metabolic syndrome indices in Koreans with metabolic syndrome age over 30 years old. This study was consisted of four periods: run-in, first intervention, wash-out, and second intervention phases. As 16 weeks of first intervention period began after the run-in phase, the subjects were randomly assigned into one of two groups: walnut group and control group. Participants in walnut group consumed 45 grams of walnuts on a daily basis and participants in control group were provided iso-caloric white bread for first 16 weeks. After the first intervention and wash-out period (6 weeks), second intervention which is crossover of first intervention was started during the next 16 weeks. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses were done at the beginning and the end of each intervention (0, 16, 22, and 38 weeks of trial). Habitual diet was randomly observed using 3-day diet record once during each phase.
Investigators expected to evaluate 1)effects of walnut ingestion on reverting metabolic syndrome to normal status especially by reducing waist circumference and improving serum levels of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein, 2)beneficial effects of daily walnut consumption on changes of body composition in the subjects with metabolic syndrome, and 3)regulatory effects of daily walnut intake on inflammatory markers and diabetic markers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Walnut-Control | Experimental |
| |
| Control-Walnut | Experimental |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| food | Other | 45 g of walnut / iso-caloric white bread |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| changes of waist circumference | Waist circumferences (cm) were obtained at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest and rounded to the nearest 0.1 cm after inhalation and exhalation. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of blood triglyceride level | Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) levels were measured by an enzymatic-colorimetric method. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels | High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) levels were determined by a homogeneous enzymatic-colorimetric method. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of blood pressure | Blood pressure (mmHg) was measured on the right arm using an up-load blood pressure monitor with participants in a comfortably seated position after at least a 5-minute rest. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of blood glucose level | Blood glucose levels (mg/dL) were measured using blood glucose monitor and test stripts from the finger tip. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| changes of total cholesterol level | Serum total cholesterol levels (ml/dL) were measured by an enzymatic-colorimetric method. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of serum apolipoprotein B level |
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Inclusion Criteria: at least three out of five metabolic syndrome components
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICAN Nutrition Education and Research | Seoul | 07327 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30984354 | Derived | Hwang HJ, Liu Y, Kim HS, Lee H, Lim Y, Park H. Daily walnut intake improves metabolic syndrome status and increases circulating adiponectin levels: randomized controlled crossover trial. Nutr Res Pract. 2019 Apr;13(2):105-114. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.2.105. Epub 2019 Feb 11. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D024821 | Metabolic Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005502 | Food |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
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Serum apolipoprotein B (ml/dL) was measured using a turbidimetric immunoassay.
| after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of serum adiponectin level | Blood adiponectin (ug/mL) levels were measured using ELISA. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of serum leptin level | Blood leptin (ug/mL) levels were measured using ELISA. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of serum insulin level | Serum insulin (μU/mL) was measured with a commercially available kit, the ultrasensitive insulin ELISA kit using an Epoch microplate spectrophotometer. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| changes of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (ml/dL) were determined by a homogeneous enzymatic-colorimetric method. | after 16 weeks of daily walnut consumption |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |