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Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death worldwide. However smoking is a very difficult addiction to break whereby main reasons for not quitting or relapsing after cessation are the nicotine withdrawal syndrome and post-cessational weight gain. GLP-1 analogues are well known to stimulate insulin secretion and to reduce energy intake and therefore body weight. Recent findings from animal and human studies suggest a role of GLP-1 in the pathophysiology of addiction. The putative role of GLP-1 analogues in nicotine reward regulation combined with its weight reducing effects might be of major interest in view of novel pharmacotherapeutic options for smoking cessation.
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death worldwide. However smoking is a very difficult addiction to break and despite established smoking cessation programs quit rates are low, especially in the real-life setting. The main reasons for not quitting or relapsing after cessation are the nicotine withdrawal syndrome and post-cessational weight gain. GLP-1 analogues are well known to stimulate insulin secretion and to reduce energy intake and therefore body weight. Recent findings from animal and human studies suggest a role of GLP-1 in the pathophysiology of addiction. The putative role of GLP-1 analogues in nicotine reward regulation combined with its weight reducing effects might be of major interest in view of novel pharmacotherapeutic options for smoking cessation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Active Comparator | Dulaglutide (Trulicity®) 1.5 mg in 0.5 ml, via pen s.c. once weekly for 12 weeks. |
|
| Placebo group | Placebo Comparator | 0.5 ml normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)), injection s.c. via syringe once weekly for 12 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dulaglutide | Drug | Application of Dulaglutide (Trulicity®) 1.5 mg s.c. once weekly for 12 weeks. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Point prevalence abstinence rate at week 12 | Point prevalence abstinence rate at week 12 of dulaglutide treatment and Standard of care (SOC) versus SOC alone, confirmed with end-expiratory exhaled carbon monoxide measurements of 10 ppm or less | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Body weight | Change in body weight in kg (and BMI [kg/m²]) relative to baseline at week 12 of dulaglutide treatment versus placebo. | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Point prevalence abstinence rate at week 24 and 52 | Point prevalence abstinence rate at weeks 24 and 52 of dulaglutide treatment and SOC versus SOC alone, confirmed with end-expiratory exhaled carbon monoxide measurements of 10 ppm or less | 52 weeks |
| Prolonged abstinence rate at week 24 and 52 |
Inclusion Criteria for the main study:
Additional Inclusion Criteria for the "substudy fMRI":
Additional Inclusion Criteria for the "substudy Energy":
Exclusion Criteria for the main study:
Additional Exclusion Criteria for the "substudy fMRI":
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Bettina Winzeler, Dr. | University Hospital Basel, Endokrinology, diabetology, metabolism | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universitätsspital Basel | Basel | 4031 | Switzerland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40037282 | Derived | Beck J, Hasenbohler F, Werlen L, Lengsfeld S, Meienberg A, Bathelt C, Vogt D, Christ-Crain M, Burkard T, Winzeler B. Blood pressure changes during smoking cessation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dulaglutide treatment. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Oct 10;32(14):1394-1402. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf055. | |
| 38371479 |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan: Substudy "SKIP-Energy" | Mar 12, 2018 | Jul 11, 2022 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol: Appendix 4_SKIP Energy_V1_13_10_17 | Oct 13, 2017 | Sep 6, 2022 | Prot_001.pdf |
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol: Appendix 5_SKIP_Substudy fMRI | Oct 13, 2017 | Sep 7, 2022 | Prot_002.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016540 | Smoking Cessation |
| D001836 | Body Weight Changes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C555680 | dulaglutide |
| D000077330 | Saline Solution |
| D012965 | Sodium Chloride |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077324 | Crystalloid Solutions |
| D007552 | Isotonic Solutions |
| D012996 | Solutions |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |
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randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
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| 0.5 ml normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride [0.9% NaCl]) | Drug | Application of 0.5 ml normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride [0.9% NaCl]) once weekly for 12 weeks |
|
| 52 weeks |
| Smoking reduction at week 12, 24, and 52 | 52 weeks |
| Change of craving at week 4 and 12 relative to baseline | 12 weeks |
| Change of body weight in kg (and BMI [kg/m²]) at week 4, 8, 24, and 52 | 52 weeks |
| Change in haemoglobin A1c levels at week 12, 24, and 52 | 52 weeks |
| Craving measured by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the substudy "fMRI" | Behavioural endpoint of the substudy fMRI. The VAS rating scale includes seven steps from no craving to high craving. | at week 12 |
| Working memory performance investigated by the N-back task score in the substudy "fMRI" | Behavioural endpoint of the substudy fMRI. During the N-back task, all subjects see series of letters with an interstimulus interval of 2 s. Each stimulus is presented for 1 s. During a baseline (0-back) condition, subjects are required to press the button with the right hand when the letter "X" appears. During 1-back and 2-back conditions, participants are instructed to press the button if the currently presented letter is the same as that presented 1 (1-back condition) or 2 trials beforehand (2-back condition). The three conditions will be presented in ten alternating 30 s blocks (2 × 1-back, 3 × 2-back and 5 × 0-back) matched for the number of target letters per block (i.e., 2 or 3), in a pseudo-random order. | at week 12 |
| Blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal in fMRI in the substudy "fMRI" | Functional neuronal changes are assessed through the surrogate of blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal, an indirect measure of neural activity. | at week 12 |
| Change in structural plasticity of grey and white matter in fMRI in the substudy "fMRI" | Change in structural plasticity of grey and white matter in regions parts of the reward pathway (i.e. anterior cingulate cortex, insula, striatum) and in subcortical regions. One T1 sequence and one DTI sequence will be performed to investigate changes in grey and white matter. | at week 0 and at week 12 |
| Change of resting energy expenditure (REE) in the substudy "Energy" | Kcal per 24 hours. It is assessed by indirect calorimetry measuring volume of oxygen uptake (VO2) and expelled volume of carbon dioxide (VO2) in ml/min and calculated by the Weir Equation REE = [3.9 * (VO2) + 1.1 (VCO2)] * 1.44. The respiratory quotient (RQ) is calculated by dividing VCO2 by VO2. | at week 0 and at week 12 |
| Change in body composition in the substudy "Energy" | Body composition is assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Measures are muscle and fat mass as a proportion (%) of total body weight. | at week 0 and at week 12 |
| Change in haemodynamic parameters in the substudy "Energy" | Blood pressure (mmHg), heart rate (beats per minute), cardiac index (l/min/m2), and peripheral vascular resistance (Pa*[s/m3]) assessed by non-invasive thoracic bioimpedance (HOTMAN®) | at week 0, 12, 24, 52 |
| Change in sympathetic activity in the substudy "Energy" | Plasma catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)* levels measured in pg/ml. NPY is a 36 aminoacid peptide well known to potentiate the action of catecholamine postsynaptically through the Y1 receptor and inhibit presynaptically the catecholamine secretion through the Y2 receptor | at week 0 and at week 12 |
| Luthi H, Lengsfeld S, Burkard T, Meienberg A, Jeanloz N, Vukajlovic T, Bologna K, Steinmetz M, Bathelt C, Sailer CO, Laager M, Vogt DR, Hemkens LG, Speich B, Urwyler SA, Kuhne J, Baur F, Lutz LN, Erlanger TE, Christ-Crain M, Winzeler B. Effect of dulaglutide in promoting abstinence during smoking cessation: 12-month follow-up of a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2024 Feb 9;68:102429. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102429. eCollection 2024 Feb. |
| 38264360 | Derived | Baur F, Atila C, Lengsfeld S, Burkard T, Meienberg A, Bathelt C, Christ-Crain M, Winzeler B. Gender differences in weight gain during attempted and successful smoking cessation on dulaglutide treatment: a predefined secondary analysis of a randomised trial. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2023 Dec;6(2):301-309. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000781. Epub 2023 Dec 19. |
| 37991022 | Derived | Probst L, Monnerat S, Vogt DR, Lengsfeld S, Burkard T, Meienberg A, Bathelt C, Christ-Crain M, Winzeler B. Effects of dulaglutide on alcohol consumption during smoking cessation. JCI Insight. 2023 Nov 22;8(22):e170419. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.170419. |
| 37081574 | Derived | Lengsfeld S, Burkard T, Meienberg A, Jeanloz N, Coynel D, Vogt DR, Hemkens LG, Speich B, Zanchi D, Erlanger TE, Christ-Crain M, Winzeler B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: a new way to quit smoking? (SKIP)-a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled study. Trials. 2023 Apr 20;24(1):284. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07164-9. |
| 36874396 | Derived | Lengsfeld S, Burkard T, Meienberg A, Jeanloz N, Vukajlovic T, Bologna K, Steinmetz M, Bathelt C, Sailer CO, Vogt DR, Hemkens LG, Speich B, Urwyler SA, Kuhne J, Baur F, Lutz LN, Erlanger TE, Christ-Crain M, Winzeler B. Effect of dulaglutide in promoting abstinence during smoking cessation: a single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Feb 21;57:101865. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101865. eCollection 2023 Mar. |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D002712 |
| Chlorides |
| D006851 | Hydrochloric Acid |
| D017606 | Chlorine Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D017670 | Sodium Compounds |