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This study will be the first study to report the combined use of three independent closed-loop systems together to assist clinicians in titrating anesthesia, analgesia, fluid and optimize ventilation in frailty old patients undergoing moderate to high risk surgery. The potential benefits of optimizing the control of these variables by advanced closed loop systems are two-fold. Firstly, this will likely decrease the variance of delivered care and reduce deviation from the established standards, resulting in improved post operative cognitive outcomes in elderly patients. Secondly, this would establish a precedent that automated intraoperative systems have strong clinical significance and are more than "complicated toys", which is unfortunately how they are perceived now.
Hypothesis: Automated control of anesthetic depth (minimal episodes of overly deep or light anesthesia) and hemodynamics (via improved volume administration) can decrease the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing moderate to high risk surgery (Better MOCA test in the postoperative period compared to the manual group [+ two points in average])
Elderly patients comprise more than 40% of all surgical patients in the USA per year and generate an even larger proportion of total healthcare costs with a sizable amount occurring during the postoperative period 1.. Therefore, reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality is a major concern in clinical practice and medical research moving forward. Cognitive dysfunction and dependence on caregivers represents two major risk factors in the elderly, especially following general anesthesia. The current literature indicates that POCD results in a mortality rate of 10% at 6 months for patients at least 70 years old and causes loss of functional capacity in an additional 20%. Overall, this results in an approximately 1 of 3 patients experiencing a negative cognitive impact following general anesthesia without optimization of anesthetic depth. In this context, continuous monitoring of the depth of anesthesia using a bispectral index (BIS) sensor may reduce the occurrence of postoperative impairments by via improved control of the anesthetic depth, especially over-sedation.
Despite steady improvements in surgical safety throughout recent years, the application of perioperative therapies still has the potential to be improved, especially regarding compliance to evidence-based recommendations.2, 3 Specifically, simply being surrounded by established monitors does not ensure that proper therapies are delivered most effectively or consistently to all patients - there must also be appropriate and timely interventions. Concordantly, large variations in patient care still exist and have been correlated with large variations in patient outcomes.4 Looking at the safety record that automation has achieved in fields ranging from manufacturing to commercial flight, medical researchers have developed devices utilizing self-contained feedback technologies (CLS) in an attempt to decrease the variability in treatment delivery with the ultimate goal of improving patient care. This development has flourished within anesthesiology, mainly via physiological closed-loop controlled devices. These systems are able to automatically adjust a therapeutic intervention based on continuous feedback from various physiological sensors.5 The best described systems have been closed-loop delivery of anesthetics, analgesics,6-11 volatile agents, insulin, and most recently, fluids 5, 12-14 and vasopressors.15-17 Overall, these systems have been shown to improve the consistency of intervention when compared to manual administration.10, 18, 19 Additionally, computer-assistance for clinical care will allow anesthesia providers to increase their accuracy and consistency, improve their awareness, and allow them to instead focus on more complex tasks.
Over the past years, members of our group have developed a dual closed-loop controller allowing the automated titration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the bispectral index (BIS).11, 20-22 The investigators also have created an adaptative closed-loop system for fluid titration using goal directed fluid therapy (GDFT) strategies guided by a minimally invasive cardiac output monitor.5 The investigator has previously demonstrated the superiority of a controller versus human-guided anesthesia in maintaining a target of BIS between 40 and 60 while limiting the incidence of overly deep anesthesia, which is often associated with the occurrence of a cognitive dysfunction in the elderly 23 Very recently, the principal investigator submitted research evaluating the simultaneous use of 2 closed-loop system (anesthesia, analgesia and fluid management) in a pilot study of high risk vascular patients.
Objectives: The main objective of this prospective randomized single-blinded controlled study is to compare manual versus automated administration of anesthesia, analgesia, fluid and ventilation with regard to the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing high risk surgery. POCD will be assessed by a psychiatrist and/or a psychologist preoperatively, on postoperative day 3-10 (depending on the type of surgery) and at 3-months postoperatively. Additionally, quality of life and quality of recovery will also be self-assessed before surgery, before hospital discharge and at 3 month post-surgery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| manual group | No Intervention | This group will have a standard of care anesthesia. All the drugs, fluid and adjustement of ventilation settings will be done manually by the supervising anesthesiologist using the same drugs and fluids as the closed-loop group | |
| automated closed-loop group | Experimental | This group will have a fully automated anesthesia, analgesia , ventilation and fluid management using 3 indenpendent closed-loop systems same drugs used in both groups ( propofol and remifentanil, Plasmalyte and /or Voluven) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| closed-loop group | Device | Use of 3 indenpendent closed-loop systems to deliver the propofol, remifentanil, fluid and to adjust ventilation |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) | assessment of the POCD using the MOCA test ( done by a psychiatrist and a psychologist). This will be done preoperatively, at postoperative day 3-5 for moderate risk surgery and postoperative day 7-10 for high risk surgery | first month |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assesment of the incidence of POCD using different others tests: | 1) assessment of verbal episodic memory (van der linden et al, 2004: RL/RI-16 2) Digit Span (assessment of short term memory: in order and reverse order (assessment of working memory) 3) Stroop test: assessment of inhibition (Chatelois, 1993). This will be done day the before surgery | Before Surgery |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alexandre Joosten, M.D | Erasme | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erasme | Brussels | 1070 | Belgium |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000071257 | Emergence Delirium |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003693 | Delirium |
| D003221 | Confusion |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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2 groups one = manually conducted anesthesia second = fully automated anesthesia, analgesia, ventilation and fluid management
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single blinded ( outcome assessor)
| Assesment of the incidence of POCD using different others tests: | 1) assessment of verbal episodic memory (van der linden et al, 2004: RL/RI-16 2) Digit Span (assessment of short term memory: in order and reverse order (assessment of working memory) 3) Stroop test: assessment of inhibition (Chatelois, 1993). This will be done on postoperative day 3-5 (for moderate risk surgery) | day 5 after surgery |
| Assesment of the incidence of POCD using different others tests: | 1) assessment of verbal episodic memory (van der linden et al, 2004: RL/RI-16 2) Digit Span (assessment of short term memory: in order and reverse order (assessment of working memory) 3) Stroop test: assessment of inhibition (Chatelois, 1993). This will be done on postoperative day 7-10 for high risk surgery | day 10 after surgery |
| Long term incidence of POCD | results of the MOCA test | month 3 post surgery |
| Assessment of the Quality of life EQ-5D-5L | self assessment by the patient: done the day before surgery and at month 3 post surgery | 3 months |
| Assessment of Quality of recovery (QoR) | self assessment by the patient: QoR-15 items: questionnaire done before surgery to provide baseline data and then repeated after surgery (post operative day 3 for moderate risk surgery and postoperative day 7for high risk surgery). | first month |
| Amount of i.v drugs used ( propofol, remifentanil, vasopressors) | amount of iv drugs used during the surgery | first 24 hours |
| Amount of total fluid infused to the patient | comparison of the amount of fluid administered to the patients between groups | first 24 hours |
| Mean BIS values and Burst suppression ratio (BSR) incidence defined as a period of isoelectric cortical signal with a treshold at 10% for > 1 minutes. | comparison of the mean BIS values and occurrence of BSR between groups | first 24 hours |
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) during surgery | comparison of the mean values of these variables between both groups | first 24 hours |
| Mean : mean stroke volume, stroke volume variation and cardiac output and cardiac index | comparison of the mean values of these variables between both groups | first 24 hours |
| Incidence of postoperative complications (major and minor) | comparison of the incidence of postoperative complications between both groups | From date of surgery until day 30 after surgery |
| Length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and/or postanesthesia care unit (PACU) | comparison of the length of stay between both groups | From date of surgery until the date of Postanesthesia or intensive care setting discharge or date of death from any cause assessed up to 100 weeks after surgery |
| Length of stay in the hospital ( | comparison of the hospital length of stay between both groups | From date of surgery until the date of hopital discharge or date of death from any cause assessed up to 100 weeks after surgery |
| Mortality at day 30 | death at 1 month | 30 days |
| Mortality at month 3 | death at 3 months | 3 months |
| Comparison of performance of the automated system vs the manual group | defined as the time of the surgery spent with a BIS values [40-60] and a SVV <13% and/or a CI > 2.5 l/min/m2 for | first 24 hours |
| Occurrence of arterial hypotension (mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg) | MAP < 65 mmHg | first 24 hours |
| Occurrence of awarness | questionnaire | first 24 hours |
| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |