A triad of exhaustion, depersonalization and inefficacy, physician burnout is an epidemic among trainees associated with delivering poor quality care. Training programs are desperate for evidence-based programs that can prevent burnout during residency. Mindfulness training programs can reduce burnout among primary care physicians, but have not been tested during physician training. Pilot testing of a novel mindfulness curriculum during pediatric internship was found to be feasible to implement.

The primary objective of this study is to determine if implementing a novel 6-month mindfulness curriculum comprised of seven 1-hour sessions can reduce physician burnout and increase mindfulness practice and empathy. A multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted among interns training in programs of various sizes and regions to address this objective. The investigators hypothesize that completing a mindfulness curriculum during internship will reduce interns' levels of physician burnout and increase their mindfulness practice and empathy.

Within pairs in pediatric residency programs matched on size (a proxy for burnout), clusters of interns in each program will be randomized to experience either the mindfulness curriculum over a 6-month period (intervention) or receive the usual educational curriculum (control). During a 15-month study period, burnout, mindfulness and empathy will be assessed using validated measures at baseline, 6- and 15-month follow-up. The impact of the intervention will be determined by comparing physician burnout, empathy and mindfulness scores between interns in the intervention and control groups. This methodologically rigorous multi-center cluster RCT will determine if implementing an innovative 6-month mindfulness curriculum reduces pediatric interns' burnout and improves empathy and mindfulness practice.

Rationale and Purpose: The unacceptably high prevalence of burnout during residency has made training programs desperate for evidence-based programs designed to prevent burnout during residency. Mindfulness training programs have been shown to reduce burnout and depression among primary care physicians as well as in a myriad of other professions. The investigators' longitudinal pilot test of implementing an innovative mindfulness curriculum in a large busy pediatric internship was determined to be feasible and acceptable. However, the absence of a control group, small sample size, and single residency program site limited the detection of meaningful statistically significant differences in levels of burnout, mindfulness, or empathy that could have generalizable value.

Study Objectives: A methodologically rigorous study will be conducted to determine if a 6-month mindfulness curriculum implemented during pediatric internship can reduce physician burnout and increase mindfulness practice and empathy. The investigators hypothesize that completing a mindfulness curriculum during internship will reduce interns' levels of physician burnout and increase their mindfulness practice and empathy.

Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure will be physician burnout, assessed by the emotional-exhaustion sub-scale of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Many studies use this sub-scale as the sole measure of burnout because "emotional-exhaustion is considered the most central aspect of burnout." Secondary outcomes will include: burnout as a dichotomous measure, defined as emotional exhaustion scores >=27 or depersonalization scores >=10, per MBI guidelines; participants' levels of mindfulness, based on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; and empathy, assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. These measures were selected based on prior conceptual frameworks and the model of factors related to burnout.

Study Design: A large multi-center, stratified, cluster, randomized, controlled trial of the 7-session mindfulness curriculum in pediatric residency programs will be implemented and analyzed. To ensure that interns training in the same program have the same educational experience, clustered randomization will be conducted centrally using a computer-generated random allocation sequence. After pairing pediatric residency programs based on size as a proxy for baseline burnout, the clusters of interns in each program will be randomized to experience either: 1) the enhanced mindfulness curriculum over a 6-month period or 2) usual educational curriculum (control). Control group subjects will be blinded to knowing what the intervention group received, but the intervention subjects will not be blinded to participating in the mindfulness sessions.

Study Intervention: Programs randomized to the intervention arm will be asked to deliver the mindfulness curriculum to interns over their first 6 months of training (from July through December of the academic year)following the MINDI facilitator guide, which includes facilitator preparation materials, frequently asked questions, and detailed instructions for running the seven sessions of the mindfulness curriculum. . The lack of a robust impact on mindfulness practice in the previous pilot implementation of the MINDI curriculum suggests that hour-long mindfulness sessions delivered once a month over 6 months may not be a frequent enough intervention to change interns' behavior. Thus, the investigators will enhance the intervention by including 10 minutes of guided meditation at the start of regularly scheduled clinical didactic sessions (e.g. noontime conference) two weeks after each of the 7 MINDI sessions. Programs randomized to the control arm will not change their current curriculum but will be given the facilitator guide after the study is completed.

Study Procedures: Subjects in the intervention arm will experience the seven-session mindfulness curriculum over a 6-month period. These sessions will be delivered during the routine didactic schedule that the residency program uses to educate their interns (e.g. noon conferences and/or weekly educational afternoons, etc). Subjects in the Control arm will receive the usual educational curriculum. The investigators will assess independent and dependent measures by inviting subjects to complete voluntary, de-identified surveys three times duringthe one-year study period: at baseline (before the 1st MINDI session, which may be given during intern orientation), and at 6-months and then 15-months after course initiation. Non-investigator staff will offer a modest incentive to subjects who return completed surveys to maximize the completion rates.

Statistical Methods: The numbers and rates of physician burnout, and the mean, median, and range of the scores for mindfulness, empathy, and the emotional-exhaustion sub-scale of burnout will be calculated. Bivariate comparisons will be done between these outcome measures and selected demographic measures. Comparisons between the control and intervention groups will be performed using chi-square tests for dichotomous outcomes (such as burnout) and t-tests for continuous measures. Multivariate clustered logistic and linear regressions analysis will be conducted to determine independent predictors of dichotomous outcomes and continuous measures, while controlling for randomization group assignment and dependent measures associated with the outcomes. the size of clusters in the study to vary since cluster randomization of nequal numbers of subjects typically produces uneven group-sizes. All unadjusted and adjusted regressions will be clustered on residency program.

Inclusion Criteria: All members of the intern class (e.g. post-graduate year 1) of pediatric residency programs who enrolled in this study will be eligible to participate in this study.

Exclusion Criteria: None.