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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Norwegian School of Sport Sciences | OTHER |
| Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway | UNKNOWN |
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Athletes, especially in endurance sports, are at increased risk of oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases and injuries. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and inflammatory markers increase during exercise and especially during altitude training. Antioxidant supplementation is commonly used among athletes in the belief that it prevents oxidative stress and oxidative damage. A transient increase of RONS is however necessary to activate signaling cascades initiating training adaptation. Antioxidant supplementation has been shown to inhibit the exercise effects in several independent studies, possibly by interfering/reducing the signal cascades initiated by RONS. However, it is unknown whether a high intake of antioxidant rich foods can affect the amount of RONS, inflammation markers and/or training adaptation. The investigators want to examine whether an increased intake of natural antioxidants in the form of antioxidant-rich foods fruits, vegetables and berries, in line with the official Norwegian dietary advice can affect antioxidant status, immune function and training adaptation associated with altitude training in Norwegian elite athletes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant-rich snacks | Experimental | The participants received antioxidant-rich snacks every day during 21 days of moderate altitude training (2300 meters above sea level). The snack included fruits and vegetable smoothies, dark chocolate, walnuts, dried fruits and berries. |
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| Control snacks | Placebo Comparator | The participants received antioxidant-depleted snacks every day during 21 days of moderate altitude training (2300 meters above sea level). The snack included milkshake, and other milk-based drinks, biscuits (both sweet and salty), white chocolate. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant-rich snacks | Other | Bama Smoothies (Bama, Oslo, Norway), Freia Premium Dark Chocolate (Freia, Oslo, Norway), Walnuts (Eldorado, Norway), Dried fruits and berries (Cranberries, Gojiberries, apricots)(Bama, Oslo, Norway and Rema 1000, Norway) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent change in performance (sport specific tests will be aggregated to one outcome by the use of percent change) | Cycling: 10 000 m on a bike roller; Rowing: 2000 meter on Concept2-apparatus; Paddling: 1000 meter Concept2-apparatus; Swimming: 200 meter | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Training adaptation | change in Vo2-max | Measured one week before, and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Training adaptation for swimmers | For swimming only: 100 meter max speed | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in biomarkers of inflammation | change in cytokine profile e.g. IL-6 ,TNF, CRP measured by multiplex technology | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in lean body mass |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Oslo | Oslo | 0316 | Norway | |||
| Norwegian Olympic Federation |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33345095 | Derived | Koivisto-Mork AE, Paur I, Paulsen G, Garthe I, Raastad T, Bastani NE, Blomhoff R, Bohn SK. Dietary Adjustments to Altitude Training in Elite Endurance Athletes; Impact of a Randomized Clinical Trial With Antioxidant-Rich Foods. Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Aug 26;2:106. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00106. eCollection 2020. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| Control snacks | Other | Milkshake (Tine, Oslo, Norway), YT restitusjonsdrikk (Tine, Oslo, Norway), Bixit (Sætre, Oslo, Norway), Ritz (Mondelez, Oslo, Norway), White chololate (Freia, Oslo, Norway) |
|
measured by DXA (iDXA; GE Healthcare) |
| Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Bone mineral density | measured by DXA (iDXA; GE Healthcare) | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in fat mass | measured by DXA (iDXA; GE Healthcare) | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in body composition | measured by DXA (iDXA; GE Healthcare) | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in body weight | measured by standardized scale | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Dietary intake (change in food and nutrient intake) | measured by repeated 24 hour recalls | Measured one and three week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in antioxidant status | e.g. FRAP, ORAC, dROM, isoprostanes measured by HPLC | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| biomarkers of antioxidant-rich foods | e.g. carotenoids, flavonoids measured by HPLC | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in whole blood gene expression | Fasting blood samples (PAX-tubes) and samples taken after physical stress test (PAX-tubes). RNA will be isolated and gene expression measured | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in blood lipids | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change hormones | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in micronutrients | e.g. iron status | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change response to stress test | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in hemoglobin | CO-rebreathing-method | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in blood volume | CO-rebreathing-method | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| change in plasma volume | CO-rebreathing-method | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Change in lactate | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Total training load | Training diary | Measured one week before, during (in week 1 and 3 of the camp) and one week after the moderate altitude training camp |
| Oslo |
| Norway |