A high-intensity stochastic cycling session was performed. The cycling protocol was performed using a magnetically-braked cycle ergometer (Velotron, RacerMate). Following a 10 minute standardised warm-up including 3 × 3s sprints, participants completed a simulated road-race, consisting of sprints of varied length, differing work to rest ratios and short time-trials.

A simulated team sport protocol was performed. Participants performed a standardised warm-up consisting of performing three laps of the circuit jogging, and three laps at 50, 75, and 90% of perceived maximal speed. Participants were then afforded five minutes to perform self-selected stretching prior to commencing the session. Participants performed two sets of 45 minutes of the simulated team sport protocol, separated by 15 minutes rest. Each 45 minute period consisted of a one minute circuit repeated 45 times that replicates typical movement patterns observed during team sports and includes walking, jogging, jumping, sprinting, agility, and decelerations. Each circuit was initiated on the minute, therefore enabling participants to rest following the completion of each circuit. Pilot testing showed participants completes each circuit in approximately 48-55 seconds (sec) therefore enabling 5-12sec rest after each circuit.

A 20 m runway in an indoor track was marked using cones and two sets of infrared timing gates, one set at each end of the start and finish line. Participants completed a standardised warm-up consisting of performing 20 m runs at 50, 75, and 90% of perceived maximal effort. Participants stand 0.3 m behind the start line to avoid premature triggering of the timing system, and were instructed to lead with the same starting leg for all attempts before performing three sprints interspersed with 60sec rest. Sprint time (sec) was recorded and the best attempt was used for subsequent analysis.

Following a standardised five minute warm-up at 100 W, with a 10sec sprint at 2 minutes 30 sec, participants completed a 5 minute all-out time trial, covering as much distance as possible. Participants were initially instructed that they were to cover as much distance as possible in 5 minutes, before being blinded to time and test performance and informed of the half-way stage by the investigator. Distance covered (m), mean power (W) and work done (J) were calculated and used for subsequent analysis.

Time in bed was measured with a wrist-strap Actigraph worn at all the times by participants from Visits 3-7 and 8-12. Data from the Actigraph was uploaded to a secure cloud-based Web application and selected variables were used for subsequent analysis.

Time asleep was measured with a wrist-strap Actigraph worn at all the times by participants from Visits 3-7 and 8-12. Data from the Actigraph was uploaded to a secure cloud-based Web application and selected variables were used for subsequent analysis.

Active muscle soreness was determined using a 200 millimeter (mm) visual analogue scale with "no pain" indicated at one end and "pain/soreness as bad as it could be" at the other. Participants stand with the hands on hips and feet approximately shoulder width apart. The participant then performed a squat to 90°, before standing and recording the pain felt in the lower limbs.

DALDA questions were scored using following scale: worse than normal, Normal and Better than normal.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Venous blood samples were collected using the venipuncture technique from a vein in the ante-cubital fossa region by a trained phlebotomist. Two samples (2 × 5milileter [mL]) were collected per participant at visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (×3), 9, 10, 11, and 12. Visits 3-7 and 8-12 were separated by 24hours and will occur on consecutive days. During visits 3 and 8, samples were taken at baseline as well as 2h and 6h post control/exercise. Additionally on visits 3 (×3), 4, 5, 8 (×3), 9, and 10 a 2mL blood draw taken for 600uL of whole blood to be processed and stored at -80 degrees until further analysis for the quantification of GSH:GSSG ratio. Visits 7 and 8 were separated by approximately two weeks, therefore totaling a collection volume of 160mL blood over approximately a four week period. All Blood samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Lower limb girth was measured at the mid-thigh on the dominant leg. Mid-thigh was defined as the halfway point between the anterior superior iliac spine and the proximal aspect of the patella. All measurements were taken with the participant standing in anatomical zero with thigh muscles relaxed. A line semi permanently marked around the circumference of the dominant thigh to ensure the reliability of measurements between sessions. The mean of three measurements was used for subsequent analysis. The same investigator will record the measurements between sessions and intra-rater reliability will be reported

A goniometer was used to measure the relaxed and flexed knee joint angles of the dominant limb. Measurements was taken when the participants maximally flexes the knee joint to touch the hip with the heel while keeping the knee joint at the side of the body in the anatomical zero position. Maximal extension was taken when the participant extends the knee joint as much as possible and was allowed to hold onto a wall for balance. The mean of three measurements was taken for flexion and extension and ROM was calculated by subtracting flexion from extension. The same investigator will record the measurements between sessions and intra-rater reliability was reported.