This study will test the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting specific changes in oscillatory activity at the site of stimulation will prove superior to continuous isochronal DBS thus providing the rationale for development and optimization of closed loop paradigms and determine whether the optimal closed-loop biomarker varies across subcortical targets, is task dependent, or serves to re-establish a default network that removes an underlying disruptive physiological state leading to greater improvement in motor signs and task performance.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of idiopathic PD
• DBS surgery or IPG battery replacement at UMN is planned as part of routine clinical care.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other significant neurological disorder
• History of dementia
• Prior history of stereotactic neurosurgery
• Patients with post-operative complications or adverse effects (e.g. ON stimulation dystonias) that affect patient safety or confound the experiment will be excluded from further study
• Pregnant women

Parkinson's Disease (PD)