The study aims to:

1. Characterize coronary artery disease (CAD) using CT Angiography (CTA) and scaling power law in 100 patients with obesity
2. Characterize cardiac remodeling using curvedness-based MRI in 100 patients with obesity
3. Compare the differences of cardiac and vascular remodeling in patients with metabolic syndrome and those without

Background and Objectives:

Obesity is a common [affecting about 33% in the general adult population in US] metabolic disorder and it is increasing in prevalence in Singapore (about 10% of general adult population). As obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease (i.e., diffused coronary artery disease, DCAD) and leads to heart remodeling and heart failure, timely and accurate diagnosis of diffused coronary artery disease and its related cardiac remodeling in obesity is clinically urgently needed and this study aims to:

1. Characterize coronary artery disease (CAD) using CTA and scaling power law in 100 patients with obesity
2. Characterize cardiac remodeling using curvedness-based MRI in 100 patients with obesity
3. Compare the differences of cardiac and vascular remodeling in patients with metabolic syndrome and those without

Methodologies: 100 patients with obesity will be recruited for this study. All recruited patients will undergo fasting blood test for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. After that, they will undergo CTA and MRI within 1-2 weeks in-between. Patients' CTA images will be segmented and transformed to build 3D coronary artery models. The application of novel scaling power laws on these models will be used to diagnose diffuse CAD. Based on patients MRI images, the cardiac remodeling will be assessed with a novel curvedness-based imaging analysis method. The differences of cardiac and vascular remodeling in patients with metabolic syndrome and those without will be compared and analyzed.

In addition, subjects shall undergo ultrasound examination of the heart (echocardiogram), carotids and forearm arteries. Doppler and tissue-Doppler echocardiography constitutes the gold standard for cardiac diastolic function assessment. The findings shall be correlated with diastolic cine MRI findings. Carotid and forearm artery ultrasound allows investigation of vessel distensibility, carotid intimal thickness, pulse wave velocity, central arterial blood pressure estimation as well as endothelial function (via flow-mediated dilation). Perturbations of these parameters may be correlated with functional abnormalities on cardiac MRI and coronary disease on CT.

Subjects shall undergo fasting blood tests for metabolic profiling. The tests include blood levels of creatinine, electrolytes, insulin, glycated haemoglobin, fasting lipids, fasting sugar and postprandial sugar (75 g standard oral glucose load). Additionally blood samples shall be stored for potential future studies.

Clinical Significance: If success, this study in obesity should advance understanding of obesity-related CAD and cardiac and vessel remodeling, and further translate into improved diagnosis and treatment in obese patients.

Clinical Significance: If success, this study in obesity should advance understanding of obesity-related CAD and cardiac remodeling, and further translate into improved diagnosis and treatment in obese patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 21-80.
2. with obesity BMI ≥27 .
3. Written informed consent obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals unable to provide informed consent.
2. Non-cardiac illness with life expectancy <2 years.
3. Pregnant state.
4. Allergy to iodinated contrast.
5. Significant arrhythmia; heart rate ≥ 100 beats/min; systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg.
6. Renal dysfunction (Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <45 mL/min/1.73m2).
7. Contraindication to beta blockers or nitroglycerin.
8. Canadian Cardiovascular Society class IV angina.
9. with Cardiac pacemaker
10. with brain aneurysm or clips
11. with Electronic implants or prosthesis
12. with Eye metal foreign body injury
13. Severe claustrophobia
14. Thyroid dysfunction

Total recruitment number: 100 Participants' age limit of 21 to 80.