This is a large pragmatic multicenter trial comparing maintenance of general anesthesia with total intravenous anesthesia using propofol versus volatile agent (sevoflurane, isoflurane, or desflurane) during cancer surgery. The primary endpoint is all-cause mortality.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with known or suspected cancer and scheduled to undergo any of the following oncologic surgical procedures:

  • Lobectomy or pneumonectomy
  • Esophagectomy
  • Radical (total) cystectomy
  • Pancreatectomy
  • Partial hepatectomy
  • Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)
  • Gastrectomy (subtotal or total)
  • Cholecystectomy or bile duct resection

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age less than 18 years
• American Society of Anesthesiologist Class 5
• Projected life expectancy less than 30 days
• Known or suspected hypersensitivity to either propofol, e.g. egg or soy allergy, or volatile general anesthetic agents
• Known or suspected history of malignant hyperthermia