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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of breakfast skipping (SKIP) vs. the consumption of a high protein solid (HP-S) breakfast vs. the consumption of a high protein beverage (HP-B) breakfast on daily appetite control, food cravings, food intake, and sleep quality in young adults.
Young adults will consume the following breakfasts (in randomized order) for 7 days/pattern: 350kcal HP breakfasts (30g protein) in solid or beverage form or will skip breakfast. During the breakfast treatment periods, the participants will be provided with isocaloric breakfast meals containing 34% protein (30g protein), 40% CHO, and 26% fat. The participants will consume these meals each day throughout each of the 7 day testing periods. During the breakfast skipping treatment period, the participants will skip breakfast every morning with nothing to eat or drink (besides water) until 12:00 pm. During the acclimation days (i.e., days 1-6), participants will eat their breakfasts at home or work or simply skip the morning meal. An actigraph (to assess key indices of sleep) will be continuously worn and sleep diaries will be completed for all 7 testing days. During the afternoon of Day 3, the participant will arrive at the University of Missouri-Physical Activity and Wellness Center (MU-PAW) and fitted with a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) measure glycemic control over the next 3 days. On day 6, the participant will complete hourly appetite questionnaires, consume a standardized dinner meal, and complete a salivary sample prior to sleep onset (sleep related hormones). On the 7th day of each pattern, the participants will report to the MU-PAW in the morning to complete the respective testing day. The participants will begin the testing day by either skipping breakfast or consuming their respective breakfast meal. Blood samples, salivary samples, and assessments of perceived appetite will be collected/completed at specific times throughout the day. Prior to lunch, a brain scan will be completed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify bain activation patterns in response to food pictures. Following the fMRI, the participants will be provided with an a standardized lunch. The participants will then complete the remainder of the testing day. An ad libitum food buffet will be provided for the participants to consume after their departure at home throughout the remainder of the day. . They will continue to wear the actigraph and eat/drink from the ad libitum packout cooler until going to bed that evening. Lastly, participants will complete a salivary sample and sleep diary immediately before bed. Between days 8-10, the participants will return all testing day equipment and the packout cooler, including all empty wrappers and any uneaten foods. A 3-7 day washout period will occur between patterns in which the participant will return to their habitual (i.e. pre-study) breakfast behaviors. Study outcomes include morning, mid-day, afternoon, and evening appetite, satiety, pleasure, perceived energy/sleepiness, hormonal responses (plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, PYY, melatonin, and cortisol concentrations), sleep indices (i.e total sleep time, sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality), brain activation patterns, evening energy intake, and daily energy intake.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| HP-Beverage Breakfast | Experimental | For 7 days, the participants will consume high protein beverage breakfast meals each morning. These meals will consist of shakes and will be 350 kcal. The macronutrient composition of these meals will contain 30 g of dietary protein, 35g CHO, and 10g fat. The HP-S and HP-B meals will be matched for energy density, sugar content, macronutrient content and types of proteins. |
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| HP-Solid Breakfast | Experimental | For 7 days, the participants will consume high protein solid breakfast meals each morning. These meals will consist of traditional solid breakfast meals and will include commonly consumed breakfast foods (e.g., burritos, waffles, etc.) and will be 350 kcal. The macronutrient composition of these meals will contain 30 g of dietary protein, 35 g CHO, and 10 g fat. The HP-S and HP-B meals will be matched for energy density, sugar content, macronutrient content and types of proteins. |
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| Breakfast Skipping | Experimental | For 7 days, the participants will skip the morning meal. No food or calorie-containing beverages will be consumed before 12pm on acclimation days and no food consumed until ~5h post habitual breakfast time on testing day 7. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP-Beverage Breakfast | Behavioral | Participants will consume high protein beverage (shake) breakfast meals each morning. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hunger | Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of hunger will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely." | 4 weeks |
| Fullness | Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of fullness will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely." | 4 weeks |
| Prospective Food Consumption | Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of prospective food consumption will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely." | 4 weeks |
| Motivation to Eat | Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of motivation to eat will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely." | 4 weeks |
| Hedonic Ratings (pleasure) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Objective Sleep Status - Total Sleep Time | Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Objective Sleep Quality |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Heather J Leidy, PhD | Purdue University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Missouri | Columbia | Missouri | 65211 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24570244 | Background | Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014 Feb 26;311(8):806-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732. | |
| 20497776 | Background | Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Radcliffe JD, Cho S. The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient intake and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Jun;110(6):869-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.023. |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Jun 12, 2018 | |
| Reset | Oct 18, 2018 | |
| Release | Apr 30, 2019 | |
| Reset | May 3, 2019 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 12, 2018 | Oct 18, 2018 | |||
| Apr 30, 2019 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000093763 | Intermittent Fasting |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005215 | Fasting |
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| HP-Solid Breakfast | Behavioral | Participants will consume high protein solid (traditional food items) breakfast meals each morning. |
|
| Breakfast Skipping | Behavioral | Participants will skip breakfast each morning. |
|
Questionnaires, assessing appetite sensations of hedonic pleasure will be completed throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). The questionnaires contain validated visual analog scales (VAS) incorporating a 100 mm horizontal line rating scale for each response. The questions are worded in the following manner "how strong is your feeling of" with anchors of "not all" to "extremely."
| 4 weeks |
Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters. |
| 4 weeks |
| Objective Sleep Efficiency | Indices of sleep status and habits will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will wear armband accelerometers / actigraphs to measure objective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Objective Sleep and Circadian Patterns - Salivary Cortisol | Indices of sleep status and habits salivary sampling will be completed on days 6 and 7 of each study arm to assess sleep related hormones (cortisol). | 4 weeks |
| Objective Sleep and Circadian Patterns - Salivary Melatonin | Indices of sleep status and habits salivary sampling will be completed on days 6 and 7 of each study arm to assess sleep related hormones (melatonin). | 4 weeks |
| Subjective Sleep Quality - Mood | Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Subjective Sleep Quality - Energy | Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Subjective Sleep Quality - Arousal | Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Subjective Sleep Quality - Awakenings | Indices of perceived sleep quality (mood, energy, arousal, awakenings) will be assessed throughout the acclimation and testing days in each of the 3 study arms. The participants will complete bedtime and wake time sleep diaries to measure subjective sleep parameters. | 4 weeks |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Brain Activation Responses | Brain activation responses will be assessed prior to lunch in each of the 3 testing days (separated by 2 weeks). During the fMRI brain scan procedure, the participants will focus on a set of photographs which will be projected onto a screen and easily viewed through a mirror. The fMRI paradigm incorporates stimuli from three categories of pictures including food, nonfood (animals), and blurred baseline images. Brain activation in the Insula, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Parahippocampus will be examined when viewing food vs. animal pictures. | 4 weeks |
| Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Calories | Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured in calories consumed. | 4 weeks |
| Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Macronutrients or food categories | Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured as macronutrient or food category (i.e. amount of food consumed as protein, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, fiber). | 4 weeks |
| Evening / Dinner Energy Intake - Food Choice | Energy intake during dinner and evening snacks of each testing day will be measured as types of foods consumed (i.e. foods typically consumed as snacks, protein-rich foods, high carbohydrate/high fat convenience foods). | 4 weeks |
| Appetite and Satiety Hormones (i.e., Ghrelin, PYY) | 10 total blood samples will be drawn throughout each of the testing days (which are separated by 7-10 days). Specifically, there will be seven 5 ml samples and three 9 ml samples; ~62 ml/testing day. The samples will be collected in test tubes containing EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Protease inhibitors will be added to the sample to reduce protein degradation. Samples will be centrifuged at -4°C for 10 minutes. The plasma will then be separated and stored in microcentrifuge tubes at -80°C for future analysis. Appetite related hormones will be measured (ex. plasma total ghrelin and total PYY). | 4 weeks |
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| May 3, 2019 |