Administration of Clomiphene: Short and Long Term Metabolism in an Anti-Doping Setting
Administration of Clomiphene: Short and Long Term Metabolism in an Anti-Doping Setting
Clomiphene (Clomid) is a drug FDA approved to treat female infertility, however, it is often used by men in an off-label setting to both treat male infertility and in a multitude of sports disciplines to increase performance.
Study Objectives:
Clomiphene, pharmaceutically prepared as clomiphene citrate, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with a therapeutic indication to treat female infertility. Though FDA-approved only for use in women, clomiphene is often prescribed off-label to males to treat male infertility and secondary hypogonadism due to its ability to increase serum testosterone levels. Numerous clinical studies have documented both the effectiveness for these indications and safety of clomiphene administration in males. Increasing the concentration of circulating testosterone can have additional effects, including the enhancement of performance in sports. As such, clomiphene is already abused by athletes in several sporting disciplines, including mixed martial arts, cycling, and bodybuilding. Therefore, clomiphene is a prohibited substance under the World Anti-Doping Agency code . Though the parent compound and metabolites of clomiphene are directly detectable in routine anti-doping screening, the urinary detection window and the effect of clomiphene administration on other anti-doping markers are unknown and thus the foci of this study.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Active males who engage in regular exercise between the ages of 18 and 40 on the day of enrollment
• For this study, regular exercise is defined as: physical activity resulting in an increased heart rate for at least 30 minutes per day, 4-5 days per week.
Exclusion Criteria: