New Techniques to Reduce Intra-operative Bleeding During Complex Liver Resection

This observational study introduced an new advanced bleeding control strategy during complex liver resection.This newly described "stepwise vascular control" technique was efficacious and feasible to control intra-operative bleeding in complex hepatectomy involving second hepatic hilum and retro-hepatic inferior vena cava.

Inclusion Criteria:

• tumor size is more than 5cm in diameter;
• these tumor were close to or were compressing main hepatic veins and RIVC directly;
• Pugh-Child Grade is A or Indocyanine green retention rate at 15min (ICG15%) is less than 10% .