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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of complementary and alternative therapies, specifically alternate nostril breathing and foot reflexology, on intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension.
11 patients were recruited from Temple Ophthalmology between 2014 and 2016. Patients had ocular hypertension and were between the ages of 48-74. Patients were excluded if they currently performed ANB or FR, were unable to perform the task, had previous eye surgery or laser, were receiving other CAM for ocular hypertension, or were unable to complete a washout period. After a 30-day drug washout, patients completed either ANB or FR. After instruction, the assigned task was performed for 5 minutes. FR was done on a commercially available foot reflexology board (JAPAN TSUBO HH-700) focused at the base of the second and third toes of both feet. Two weeks later, patients completed the alternate task. IOP was measured before the task, immediately after the task and then every 30 minutes for two hours. Sign rank tests were used to evaluate IOP changes within and between each group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alternate Nostril Breathing | Experimental | The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. |
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| Foot Reflexology | Experimental | The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. This board has two foot shaped pieces of wood mounted on a flat board with springs. On top of these wooden feet are small wooden nodes, which are organized at precise locations to activate the reflexology of the foot by stimulation certain pressure points. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternate Nostril Breathing | Other |
| ||
| Foot Reflexology |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (mmHg) | Measurement of intraocular pressure after each treatment for 30min intervals for total of 2hours. Time points used in the calculation include baseline, 30 mins, 60 mins, 90 mins, and 120 mins. | 2 hours |
| Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (mmHg) | Measurement of intraocular pressure after each treatment for 30min intervals for total of 2hours. Time points used in the calculation include baseline, 30 mins, 60 mins, 90 mins, and 120 mins. This is after the 2 week washout period. Participants have switched interventions | 2 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jeffrey Henderer, M.D. | Temple University | Principal Investigator |
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After a 30-day drug washout, patients were randomly assigned to complete either ANB or FR for 5 min. After instruction, patients completed either ANB or FR, and completed the alternate task 2 weeks later.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Alternate Nostril Breathing First, Then Foot Reflexology | The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. Patients will complete 2 week wash out and then return for foot reflexology. The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. |
| FG001 | Foot Reflexology First, Then Alternate Nostril Breathing | The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. Patients will complete 2 week wash out and then return for alternate nostril breathing. The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Intervention (5 Minutes) |
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| Washout (2 Weeks) |
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| Second Intervention (5 Mins) |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Alternate Nostril Breathing First, Then Foot Reflexology | The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. Patients will complete 2 week wash out and then return for foot reflexology. The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (mmHg) | Measurement of intraocular pressure after each treatment for 30min intervals for total of 2hours. Time points used in the calculation include baseline, 30 mins, 60 mins, 90 mins, and 120 mins. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | 2 hours | eyes | eyes |
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1 hour after each task patients were assessed for adverse events
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Alternate Nostril Breathing | The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. Alternate Nostril Breathing |
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Small sample size; No control group
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Jeffrey Henderer | Temple University Hospital | 267-418-9126 | Jeffrey.Henderer@tuhs.temple.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009798 | Ocular Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
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| Device |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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| BG001 | Foot Reflexology First, Then Alternate Nostril Breathing | The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. Patients will complete 2 week wash out and then return for alternate nostril breathing. The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Corneal Thickness | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm |
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| OG001 | Foot Reflexology First, Then Alternate Nostril Breathing | The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. Patients will complete 2 week wash out and then return for alternate nostril breathing. The procedure for ANB begins by bringing the right hand up to the nose; with the ring finger over the left nostril and the thumb over the right nostril, so that the nostrils may be closed by the fingers. The first step in the cycle is to hold the right nostril closed with the thumb, and exhale completely through the left nostril in a slow and controlled fashion, free from exertion and jerkiness. At the end of the exhalation, the patient will inhale slowly and completely back through the left nostril. At this point the patient will close the left nostril with the ring finger, open the right nostril by releasing the thumb, and repeat the exhale-inhale process through the right nostril, completing one cycle. Then the patient will switch back to the left nostril and begin the cycle again. This cycle will be performed for one session lasting approximately 5 minutes. |
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| Primary | Change From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure (mmHg) | Measurement of intraocular pressure after each treatment for 30min intervals for total of 2hours. Time points used in the calculation include baseline, 30 mins, 60 mins, 90 mins, and 120 mins. This is after the 2 week washout period. Participants have switched interventions | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm Hg | 2 hours | eyes | eyes |
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|
|
| 0 |
| 11 |
| 0 |
| 11 |
| 0 |
| 11 |
| EG001 | Foot Reflexology | The procedure for FR focuses on activating specific reflex areas on the foot linked with the eye and eye disease, via massage. Although in the interest of repeatable precision, we have decided to use a FR board (fig.1) to conduct the procedure. This board has two foot shaped pieces of wood mounted on a flat board with springs. On top of these wooden feet are small wooden nodes, which are organized at precise locations to activate the reflexology of the foot by stimulation certain pressure points. The patient will be instructed to rest their feet on these boards with a comfortable pressure for a period of 5 minutes. Foot Reflexology | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
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| 60 minutes IOP |
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| 90 minutes IOP |
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| 120 minutes IOP |
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