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Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a new, rapidly emerging standard of care in inoperable and high-risk patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis. Information regarding reversal of unfractionated heparin with protamine sulfate in order to facilitate access site closure is scarce and based on expert consensus. Clinical practice varies between centers. Protamine sulphate may decrease the amount of bleeding complications related to the access-site. The impact on possible thromboembolic complications is unknown. Both bleeding and thromboembolic complications increase mortality after TAVI. A randomized trial is required in order to assess impact of protamine sulfate on prevalence and extent of bleeding and thromboembolic complications.
Information regarding reversal of unfractionated heparin (UFH) with protamine sulfate (PS) is based on expert consensus from 2012, which recommends use of UFH in order to achieve activated clotting time (ACT) > 300 seconds as well as UFH reversal with PS in case of TAVI via transapical access as well as transfemoral access with the exception of cases with minimal bleeding risk. However, the clinical practice varies between centers - some use PS routinely, others - only in selected cases. The actual impact of PS on bleeding complications reduction is unknown. Furthermore, a pro-thromboembolic effect of the PS cannot be excluded. Both bleeding (major and life-threatening according to Valve Academic Research Consortium [VARC] criteria) and thromboembolic complications increase mortality after TAVI. The occurrence of these complications in international TAVI registries in 30-day observation ranges from 9.7% in case of major bleeding, 4.7% in case of life-threatening bleeds and 5% in case of strokes. There are no randomized studies assessing impact of PS on frequency of bleeding and thromboembolic complications after TAVI, its side-effects and influence on mortality. Randomized trial is required in order to assess impact of protamine sulfate on prevalence of bleeding and thromboembolic complications.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protamine sulfate | Active Comparator | After obtaining optimal valve deployment patients will receive protamine sulfate (1 mg for each 100 units of UFH i.v.). Measurement of activated clotting time (ACT) will be performed (after heparin administration and after protamine sulfate administration). |
|
| 0.9% NaCl | Placebo Comparator | After obtaining optimal valve deployment patients will receive 0.9% saline (20 ml i.v.). Measurement of activated clotting time (ACT) will be performed (after heparin administration and after placebo administration). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protamine sulfate | Drug |
| ||
| 0.9% NaCl |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bleeding complications | Composite of life-threatening and major bleeding complications according to Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) criteria (unit of measure: 0/1 [absence/presence]) | 48 hours or hospital discharge, whichever occurs first |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Successful closure of the access-site | Angiographic assessment of contrast extravasation from the access site after closure with preclose device at the end of the procedure. Unit of measure: 0/1 (absence/presence). | 15 minutes |
| Thromboembolic complications |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw | Warsaw | Poland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23026477 | Background | Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Genereux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, Brott TG, Cohen DJ, Cutlip DE, van Es GA, Hahn RT, Kirtane AJ, Krucoff MW, Kodali S, Mack MJ, Mehran R, Rodes-Cabau J, Vranckx P, Webb JG, Windecker S, Serruys PW, Leon MB. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. Eur Heart J. 2012 Oct;33(19):2403-18. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs255. | |
| 22898522 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001024 | Aortic Valve Stenosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000082862 | Aortic Valve Disease |
| D006349 | Heart Valve Diseases |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011479 | Protamines |
| D000077330 | Saline Solution |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009687 | Nuclear Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D009698 | Nucleoproteins |
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|
Clinical assessment of thromboembolic complications in the central nervous system and peripheral vasculature (e.g. mesenteric, extremities). Unit of measure: 0/1 (absence/presence) |
| 5 days or hospital discharge, whichever occurs first |
| Assessment of peri-procedural myocardial muscle injury | Measurements of levels of high sensitivity cardiac troponin T and isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase before the procedure and 6- and 12-24 hours after the procedure. Unit of measure: high sensitivity cardiac troponin T [ng/L], isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase [mcg/L]. | 24 hours |
| All-cause mortality | All-cause mortality. Unit of measure: 0/1 (absence/presence). | 30 days |
| Result |
| Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, Agnihotri A, Alexander KP, Bailey SR, Calhoon JH, Carabello BA, Desai MY, Edwards FH, Francis GS, Gardner TJ, Kappetein AP, Linderbaum JA, Mukherjee C, Mukherjee D, Otto CM, Ruiz CE, Sacco RL, Smith D, Thomas JD, Harrington RA, Bhatt DL, Ferrari VA, Fisher JD, Garcia MJ, Gardner TJ, Gentile F, Gilson MF, Hernandez AF, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Linderbaum JA, Moliterno DJ, Weitz HH; American Heart Association; American Society of Echocardiography; European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; Heart Failure Society of America; Mended Hearts; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement: developed in collabration with the American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Heart Failure Society of America, Mended Hearts, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012 Sep;144(3):e29-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.03.001. No abstract available. |
| 23583252 | Result | Rodes-Cabau J, Dauerman HL, Cohen MG, Mehran R, Small EM, Smyth SS, Costa MA, Mega JL, O'Donoghue ML, Ohman EM, Becker RC. Antithrombotic treatment in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights for cerebrovascular and bleeding events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Dec 24;62(25):2349-2359. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.029. Epub 2013 Apr 10. |
| 24682842 | Result | Linke A, Wenaweser P, Gerckens U, Tamburino C, Bosmans J, Bleiziffer S, Blackman D, Schafer U, Muller R, Sievert H, Sondergaard L, Klugmann S, Hoffmann R, Tchetche D, Colombo A, Legrand VM, Bedogni F, lePrince P, Schuler G, Mazzitelli D, Eftychiou C, Frerker C, Boekstegers P, Windecker S, Mohr FW, Woitek F, Lange R, Bauernschmitt R, Brecker S; ADVANCE study Investigators. Treatment of aortic stenosis with a self-expanding transcatheter valve: the International Multi-centre ADVANCE Study. Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 7;35(38):2672-84. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu162. Epub 2014 Mar 28. |
| 23236027 | Result | Borz B, Durand E, Godin M, Tron C, Canville A, Litzler PY, Bessou JP, Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H. Incidence, predictors and impact of bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the balloon-expandable Edwards prosthesis. Heart. 2013 Jun;99(12):860-5. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303095. Epub 2012 Dec 12. |
| 26139739 | Result | Gauthier C, Astarci P, Baele P, Matta A, Kahn D, Kefer J, Momeni M. Mid-term survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Results with respect to the anesthetic management and to the access route (transfemoral versus transapical). Ann Card Anaesth. 2015 Jul-Sep;18(3):343-51. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.159804. |
| 34292562 | Derived | Zbronski K, Grodecki K, Gozdowska R, Ostrowska E, Wysinska J, Rymuza B, Scislo P, Wilimski R, Kochman J, Filipiak KJ, Opolski G, Huczek Z. Protamine sulfate during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (PS TAVI) - a single-center, single-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Kardiol Pol. 2021;79(9):995-1002. doi: 10.33963/KP.a2021.0070. Epub 2021 Jul 22. |
| D014694 |
| Ventricular Outflow Obstruction |
| D000077324 |
| Crystalloid Solutions |
| D007552 | Isotonic Solutions |
| D012996 | Solutions |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |