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This study aimed to verify the mechanical and clinical effects of instrumented massage on myofascial trigger points of trapezius muscle in adult subjects.
Background: There are several therapies currently used to treat myofascial trigger points, including conservative and invasive techniques. It has been shown that conservative techniques including therapeutic massage, stretching, transcutaneal electrical nerve stimulation, spray and stretch, cold laser treatment, and ultrasound are the most applied treatments for myofascial pain syndrome, but no single strategy has proved to be universally successful. Instrumented massage has shown clinical effectiveness on shoulder pain, low back pain, and only one study (case report) on myofascial trigger points. This study aimed to verify the mechanical and clinical effects of instrumented massage on myofascial trigger points of trapezius muscle in adult subjects.
Methods/Design: The study includes 31 volunteers with myofascial trigger points on right trapezius muscle. Clinical and patient data were obtained from questionnaires, VAS, algometry, sono-myoelastography and myotonometry. Also, physiotherapist grip strength was measured. Subjects were randomly allocated into one of two groups: Instrumented massage or Manual massage. The intervention consisted in a single 20 minutes session of massage on the back and neck by the same therapist, depending of the group, massage was applied manually or instrumented.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Instrumented massage | Experimental |
| |
| Manual massage | Active Comparator |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instrumented massage | Procedure | The first group will receive a 20 min session of instrumented massage on back and neck areas. Subjects will be in prone position and physical therapist will applied instrumental massage in a protocolised way from low back until neck muscles, both in left and right side of the body. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| • Pain as measured by VAS | The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was designed to allow a subjective assessment of pain. A VAS is usually a horizontal line of 10 cm. with perpendicular lines at the ends, which are defined as the extreme limits of the painful experience. Previous studies have shown that the VAS has adequate psychometric properties, including test-retest reliability (r = 0.78) and convergent validity with other measures of pain such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire (r = 0.49 to 0.65) (Sriwatanakul K ., 1983). | 10 minutes |
| • Stiffness of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by MyoptronPRO. | Stiffness characteristics will be measured using a handheld MyotonPRO device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Estonia). MyotonPRO has shown high levels of reliability in a session or between sessions both by the same operator (intra-rater) and between different operators (inter-rater), both in young subjects and elderly (Aird et al., 2012) (Mullix et al., 2012). Stiffness (N/m) will be calculated by software of MyotonPRO (Vain, 1994, 1995). Stiffness is the ability of tissue to restore it shape after removing of external force acting on the muscle. | 10 minutes |
| • Stiffness (Hz) of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by sono-myoelastography. | Sono-myoelastography uses an external vibration source with a frequency less than 1000 Hz in conjunction with Doppler techniques to identify localized regions of increased tissue stiffness (Muro-Culebras, 2013). In this study vibrations will be produced in the right upper trapezius muscle using an external massage vibrator (Model NC70209, North Coast Medical, Gilroy, CA, USA) modified with a flat and elongated applicator (with an application area of 1 x 4 cm). This vibration source will be placed approximately 2-3 cm away from each of the points marked as ''positive'' in the clinical examination and induce vibrations of about 92 Hz. By use of the power Doppler technique, the sono-myoelastography images will be collected while applying vibrations. | 10 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| pain threshold pressure PPT | 10 minutes | |
| • Grip strength as measured by a Dynamometer | This instrument will be used to measure grip strength of both physiotherapist upper limbs. The dynamometer has proven to be the safest [ICC = 0.98] and most valid [ICC = 0.99] method to measure grip strength of the hand. (Bellace JV, 2000). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| • Tone of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by MyoptronPRO | Muscle tone characteristics will be measured using a handheld MyotonPRO device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Estonia). Muscle tone will be calculated by software of MyotonPRO (Vain, 1994, 1995). Muscle tone (Hz) is the frequency of damped mechanical oscillation of muscle tissue, is an index of the tension in the muscle | 10 minutes |
Inclusion Criteria:
• To be of legal age.
Exclusion Criteria:
-
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antonio Cuesta-Vargas | Málaga | Malaga | 29010 | Spain |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019547 | Neck Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073297 | Manual Lymphatic Drainage |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008405 | Massage |
| D064746 | Therapy, Soft Tissue |
| D026201 | Musculoskeletal Manipulations |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
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|
| Manual massage | Procedure | The second group will receive a 20 min session of manual massage on back and neck areas. Subjects will be in prone position and physical therapist will applied manual massage in a protocolised way from low back until neck muscles, both in left and right side of the body. |
|
| 10 minutes |
| •PRO Spine Functional Index SFI-Sp | For this study we will use the Spanish version (SFI-Sp), since it has proven to be a valid and reliable measure of the spinal region result. This regional tool reflects the status and any change in the kinetic chain of the spine. This questionnaire has demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.85) and reliability (r = 0.96) (AI Cuesta-Vargas, 2014). | 10 minutes |
| •PRO Neck Disability Index-Sp | Neck Disability Index is the most widely used neck pain scale in the largest number of populations and has been validated most often against multiple measurements of function, pain, and clinical signs and symptoms. (Cleland et al., 2006). For this study we will use the Spanish version (NDI-Sp), since it has proven to be reliable (r = 0.98), valid, and sensitive to change. (Andrade et al., 2010). | 10 minutes |
| • Blood flow of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by sono-myoelastography. | Circulation will be studied using the Doppler technique, since it has been shown for other studies (Sikdar et al., 2009). The resistive index (RI) is determined in the ascending branch of the transverse cervical artery and in other arteries or arterioles that will be in the vicinity of points marked as ''positive'' in the clinical examination. The waveform of blood flow, based on Doppler flow, will be scored on a scale of 0-2 (Sikdar et al. 2009). | 10 minutes |
| • Elasticity of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by MyoptronPRO | Muscle elasticity characteristics will be measured using a handheld MyotonPRO device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Estonia). Elasticity (logarithmic decrement of oscillations amplitude damping) will be calculated by software of MyotonPRO (Vain, 1994, 1995). Elasticity is the ability of muscle to restore its initial shape after contraction. A lower level of decrement reveals a better muscle elasticity and ability of contraction. | 10 minutes |
| • Morphology of the right upper trapezius myofascial trigger point measured by sono-myoelastography. | It will be obtained from a sonographic examination using the B-mode of a clinical ultrasound scanner with a linear transducer (Esaote Mylabs25, Milan, Italy) set to a frequency of 12 MHz and depth of 4 cm, since some studies have described the possibility of using sonography in the diagnosis of myofascial trigger points. (Sikdar et al., 2009). Finally, the operator will use the ''ellipse'' tool of the ultrasound to delineate and calculate the size of the largest hypoechoic area found. | 10 minutes |
| D013812 |
| Therapeutics |
| D004322 | Drainage |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |