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Mother spend a large amount of time with their children. It is assumed that mother contributes to their neurological development not only with visual stimuli, but also with auditory stimuli. A recent study revealed that prefrontal cortex can be activated in response to the self-name being spoken by the mother than by a stranger. Therefore, investigators suppose that recorded maternal voice can stimulate the pediatric patients and thereby fasten the emergence from general anesthesia.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| stranger's voice | Active Comparator | At the end of surgery, patients were stimulated to wake up by recorded stranger's voice, which was recorded before the operation. |
|
| maternal voice | Experimental | At the end of surgery, patients were stimulated to wake up by recorded maternal voice, which was recorded before the operation. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| recorded maternal voice | Procedure | A voice recording will be performed before the operation. At a preoperative visit or preoperative clinic, informed consent was obtained before the recording. On a calm environment, the mother was asked to speak following sentences. " OO (first name of child), wake up~. Let's go home with mommy. OO, wake up~. Open your eyes. Take a deep breath. " At the end of surgery, the recorded maternal voice was delivered to the child every 15 seconds until he/she wakes up. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Emergence time | time from discontinuation of anesthetics to extubation | During 1 hour after operation |
| Incidence of emergence delirium (ED) | The incidence of emergence delirium (ED) was defined as pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) score of >12 or Watcha scale over 3. | During 30 minutes after PACU admission |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| peak PAED scale | The PAED scale is a validated observational measure of 5 aspects of child behavior (caregiver eye contact, purposeful movement, evidence of awareness of surroundings, restlessness, and inconsolability). Ratings are summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 20; greater scores indicate greater severity. | During 30 minutes after PACU admission |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| peak FLACC score | Face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) score is checked every 10min after PACU admission. | During 30 minutes after PACU admission |
| The amount of analgesic/anesthetic consumption at PACU/ward |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eugene Kim, MD | Daegu Catholic University Medical Center | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daegu Catholic University Medical Center | Daegu | South Korea |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000071257 | Emergence Delirium |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003693 | Delirium |
| D003221 | Confusion |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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|
| recorded stranger's voice | Procedure | A voice recording will be performed before the operation. On a calm environment, a blinded female investigator was asked to speak following sentences. " OO (first name of child), wake up~. Let's go home with mommy. OO, wake up~. Open your eyes. Take a deep breath. " |
|
| peak Watcha scale | The Watcha scale is a four-point as followings.
| During 30 minutes after PACU admission |
| eye opening or purposeful movement time | time from discontinuation of anesthetics to spontaneous eye opening | During 1 hour after operation |
| BIS over 60 | At the end of operation, investigators stop the anesthetics and carefully watch the bispectral index (BIS) monitor. Simultaneously, investigators check the duration of time from discontinuation of anesthetics until the BIS >60. | During 1 hour after operation |
The amount of analgesics/anesthetic consumption was checked during hospital admission. At PACU, a total PAED score of >12 or a FLACC scale >4, intravenous fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg was administered as rescue medication and repeated after 10 min if the agitation does not subside.
| During 1 hour at PACU |
| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |