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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Social Science Research Institute | UNKNOWN |
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Increased portion sizes of foods high in energy density (calories per gram of food) have been implicated in the obesity epidemic. Numerous studies show that children and adults eat more from larger portions of food than they do from smaller portions, a response known as the portion size effect. Despite the robust and consistent nature of these findings, the mechanisms underlying the portion size effect are not known. The long-term goal of this research is to identify the neural mechanisms involved in the portion size effect so that this information can be used to develop effective weight-management strategies. Differences in neural response to food cues, as demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can help clarify the factors that determine susceptibility to large portions. The goal of this study is to identify brain regions activated in response to portion size and energy density and relate these neural responses to laboratory eating behaviors in children.
The investigators hypothesize that high relative to low energy density food images will be associated with increased activation in regions of the brain involved in reward- and sensory- processing and that large relative to small portion size food images will be associated with increased activation in regions of the brain involved in cognitive control. In addition, the investigators hypothesize that these brain responses will influence the relationship between portion size served and energy intake at laboratory meals.
What this study will add to the literature: The response to food images that vary by portion size using fMRI has not been previously reported. Furthermore, how the brain response to food portion size and energy density is related to energy intake has not been previously reported. The goal of this study is to identify brain regions activated in response to portion size and energy density and relate these neural responses to laboratory eating behaviors in children.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to food portion size and energy density | Whole-brain response to food images that varied at 2 levels of portion size and 2 levels of energy density | Collected at fMRI scan (1 of 1) at week 5 |
| Energy intake | Energy intake (kcal and grams) of foods consumed ad libitum at each laboratory test-meal in response to 4 conditions of portion sizes (100% reference, 133%, 167%, 200%). | Collected at week 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Region of Interest (ROI)-response to food portion size and energy density | Response in selected brain regions of interest to food images varied at 2 levels of portion size and 2 levels of energy density | Collected at fMRI scan (1 of 1) at week 5 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Appetitive traits | Parent-reported questionnaire of habitual eating styles in children | Collected at week 1 (Baseline) |
| Body composition a/o weight status | Height, weight and body fat percentage were measured. Body mass index (BMI), BMI z score, fat-mass index and fat-free-mass index will be calculated. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Children between the ages of 7-10 years old and their parents
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Kathleen Keller, PhD | The Pennsylvania State University | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25447010 | Background | English L, Lasschuijt M, Keller KL. Mechanisms of the portion size effect. What is known and where do we go from here? Appetite. 2015 May;88:39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.004. Epub 2014 Nov 11. | |
| 26973134 | Result | Fearnbach SN, English LK, Lasschuijt M, Wilson SJ, Savage JS, Fisher JO, Rolls BJ, Keller KL. Brain response to images of food varying in energy density is associated with body composition in 7- to 10-year-old children: Results of an exploratory study. Physiol Behav. 2016 Aug 1;162:3-9. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.007. Epub 2016 Mar 10. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063766 | Pediatric Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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| Collected at week 1 (Baseline) |
| Liking of foods | Ratings of how much child likes food presented on a computerized visual analog scale | Collected at week 5 |
| Wanting of foods | Ratings of how much child wants food presented on a computerized visual analog scale | Collected at week 5 |
| Loss of control eating | Loss of control when eating is frequently reported in middle childhood. Loss of control when eating was assessed via interview-style questionnaire to determine pre-clinical binge-like eating behaviors that may influence the primary outcome of energy intake at the 4 conditions of test-meals. | Collected at week 1 (Baseline) |
| Parental feeding strategies | Parent-reported measures of feeding practices | Collected at week 1 (Baseline) |
| 40010570 | Derived | Neuwald NV, Pearce AL, Cunningham PM, Setzenfand MN, Koczwara L, Rolls BJ, Keller KL. Food switching at a meal is positively associated with change in adiposity among children at high-familial risk for obesity. Appetite. 2025 Apr 1;208:107915. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.107915. Epub 2025 Feb 25. |
| 35883226 | Derived | Diktas HE, Keller KL, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Children's Portion Selection Is Predicted by Food Liking and Is Related to Intake in Response to Increased Portions. J Nutr. 2022 Oct 6;152(10):2287-2296. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac162. |
| 29408590 | Derived | Keller KL, English LK, Fearnbach SN, Lasschuijt M, Anderson K, Bermudez M, Fisher JO, Rolls BJ, Wilson SJ. Brain response to food cues varying in portion size is associated with individual differences in the portion size effect in children. Appetite. 2018 Jun 1;125:139-151. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.027. Epub 2018 Feb 2. |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |