Recent research suggests a majority of Hong Kong's toddlers (aged 2 to 4) are much less active than is recommended and are increasingly engaged in sedentary behaviour, which places them at risk of becoming overweight or obese. The proposed project will test whether connecting families to nature positively influences physical activity (that is, active playtime) and healthy eating routines in children aged 2 to 4. The investigators have recently conducted a pilot study Play & Grow (P&G), a programme based on the most successful international preschool interventions described in the literature. In addition to adopting healthy eating and physical activity intervention elements, the programme was enhanced by including a novel third element: connectedness to nature (CN). To test the effectiveness of this enhanced intervention, the plan is to run a family-based randomised controlled trial (RCT). The intervention will include 240 families with children aged 2 to 4, will take the form of one-hour activity sessions for parents and children held once a week for 10 weeks. The investigators will assess lifestyle-related habits before, immediately after the completion the intervention, at 6 months and one year after the intervention. Created for this purpose, a novel measuring tool for connectedness to nature, Nature Relatedness Scale (NRS), will be validated and tested for reliability prior to the RTC. The results of RCT are intended to be used to understand which components of the intervention were most effective. The objectives of this project will be achieved over a 36-month period, and it is expected to contribute to a close examination of key components of successful healthy lifestyle promotion programme during early childhood. The investigators predict that is that the new element CN will significantly improve the intervention. Finally, the overall aim is that connecting families to nature will result in sustainable lifestyle changes that remain with them for a lifetime.

Proper nutrition and physical activity are essential for a healthy life. Time spent in nature has also been proven beneficial. Systematic reviews have shown that nature-related activities enhance general well-being as reflected in increased physical activity, a healthier diet, reduced stress and better sleep. However, existing programmes promoting healthy lifestyles in children focus almost exclusively on diet and physical activity. None, to the inestigators's awareness, taken into consideration interactions, or connectedness with nature. Connectedness to nature/nature relatedness is a relatively new concept that, to date, has been investigated primarily in adults.The concept suggests, for example, that engaging in activities in a natural environment can induce a feeling of connectedness to nature. Exposing preschool children to nature and to thinking about nature in different ways could stimulate nature relatedness as a measurable construct. When children are placed in a natural setting, they are more likely to be physically active. Natuxral products such as fruits and vegetables are widely acknowledged to improve health. As noted above, parents are children's role models, and the investigators therefore believe that connecting parents with nature will have benefits for their children. Many habits and attitudes are developed early in life, and those related to the natural world are no exception. In fact, children are inherently interested in their environment and in nature in general. The hypothesis is that both indoor and outdoor nature-related activities may induce connectedness and bring about positive changes in both eating and activity habits (short-term outcomes) in preschool children, in turn leading to a healthier lifestyle (long-term outcomes).The aim of P&G is to encourage healthy eating habits and active play in children from an early age, and to bring about healthy behavioural changes in families. The programme also includes a CN element designed to equip parents with environmental knowledge and skills. The generated re- and post-test comparison data indicated the effectiveness of the programme (not presented here). A detailed manual and full resource kit were created, and each session consisted of: (i) a 15-minute theoretical education component (food, activity, CN), and (ii) a 30-minute component on indoor and outdoor nature-related activities, such as playing with nature objects and searching for natural treasures. Some nature activities were food-related (e.g. growing plants, creating miniature indoor gardens, and healthy cooking). The control group received an information folder containing government-recommended physical activity and dietary guidelines for children. To enhance participation, the sessions were scheduled for weekends. The outcome data was collected using a number of scales and questionnaires addressed eating, active play and nature-related habits before and after the program, and focus group discussions were held at the beginning and end of the programme. The programme proved popular amongst participants and the results demonstrated significant positive changes on number of health-related outcomes, such as food habits and caregiver physical activity levels.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 2-4 year old children
• With English-speaking parents

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children with chronic health conditions
• Families who have recently taken part in a healthy lifestyle promotion programme

Hong Kong Ethics Committee