This study is a retrospective chart review study aiming to assess the characteristics and health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with canagliflozin when used in addition to insulin therapy. Furthermore, the project aims to establish an EMR-based cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with canagliflozin to allow for future longitudinal studies that investigate outcomes over a longer follow-up period, and whether canagliflozin (when used in addition to insulin therapy) has an impact on diabetes-related healthcare costs.

This retrospective study will use data from an Electronic Medical Record (EMR)-based database (Web based Diabetes Records (Web DR) researchable database), which has been used to study patient's socioeconomic characteristics, treatment patterns and health outcomes of patients with diabetes. The Web DR de-identified researchable database contains integrated demographic, clinical and laboratory test result data of patients who received care from outpatient diabetes clinics in London, Ontario. The database includes more than 16,000 patients and their clinic visit information since 2000.

Adult individuals (age>=18) with type 2 diabetes receiving , registered in Web DR who have been treated with canagliflozin in conjunction with insulin therapy will be selected for this study. The baseline period will be 6 months to allow for more complete observation of comorbidities and medication use patterns.

The main objective of this project is to assess the characteristics and health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with canagliflozin when used in addition to insulin therapy.

HbA1c, lipid, blood pressure, weight and other clinical indicators will be gathered from lab results during the baseline period closest to the date of canagliflozin prescription and follow up period (the last clinical value within the follow-up period and >=30 days after the start of the medication data will be selected.

The type of insulin used and dosages prescribed during the study follow-up period will be extracted from the database to examine the insulin dosage prescription pattern and understand the use of insulin with canagliflozin and its impact on clinical outcomes.

Furthermore, use of oral antihyperglycemic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinedione, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, bromocriptine) and injectable antihyperglycemic therapies (pramlintide, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists) will be measured during the 6 months baseline period and the follow-up period of 3 and 6 months.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Type 2DM >18 years of age, diabetes patients on insulin who initiated Canagliflozin due to a need of tighter glycemic control .

Exclusion Criteria:

• glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<45, pregnancy, type 1

This retrospective study will use data from an EMR-based (Web DR) researchable database, which has been used to study patient's socioeconomic characteristics, treatment patterns and health outcomes of patients with diabetes. The Web DR de-identified researchable database contains integrated demographic, clinical and laboratory test result data of patients who received care from outpatient diabetes clinics in London, Ontario. The database includes more than 16,000 patients and their clinic visit information since 2000. Adult individuals (age>=18) with type 2 diabetes registered in Web DR who have been treated with canagliflozin in conjunction with insulin therapy will be selected for this study.