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Anticoagulation is required to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circuit during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Regional citrate anticoagulation has many advantages regarding bleeding risk and filter survival. However, in clinical practice, its use worldwide has been limited by cumbersome protocols . In order to establish a simple scheme for universal application. In Aug 2015, the investigators have adopted a new protocol using a fixed citrate concentration in the filter of about 4 mmol/L (called fixed group for short) instead of conventional adjusted citrate doses according to postfilter ionized calcium levels of less than 0.4mmol/l (adjusted group), and speculated the abilities on efficacy and safety as well as convenience.
Design: This study was conducted as a single-centre, cohort study. All patients older than 18 years of age who required veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) were consecutively screened forward (prospective) or backward (retrospective) from August, 2015 and until the expected sample size was reached.
Study protocol: Before and after implementation of a new protocol, apart from the flow rate of any supplementation (Anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose solution, 5% sodium bicarbonate injection and 10% calcium gluconate injection), CVVH was performed using same standards, including devices (Aquarius or Diapact® CRRT), venous catheter (a double lumen 12-F catheter, Arrow International Inc., USA), haemofilter (DIACAP Acute L, 2.0 m2, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany), commercial replacement fluids (Na+113, Cl-118, Mg++0.797, Ca++1.60, glucose 10.6mmo/l and zero bicarbonate; Qing-shan-li-kang pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd. Cheng-du, China) and Anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose solution-A (ACD-A) (Na+ 224, citrate 113, bicarbonate 203mmol/l, Fresenius Kabi, Italy) as well as monitoring algorithm. The first sample of postfilter and systemic ionized calcium was done two hours after initiation of CVVH and every six to eight hours during the first 24 hours. Afterwards, these measurements were done according to clinical needs for maintaining normal ionized calcium levels and blood pH value.
The group of fixed citrate concentration: ACD-A was administered in the prefilter ahead of the blood pump and the infusion rate was fixed and set to meet a circuit citrate concentration of 4 mmol/l. Calcium Gluconate 10% Injection was infused through the return line of the circuit and the substitution flow was initiated with 0.8 mmol calcium per liter total effluent flow and then be adjusted to obtain systemic ionized calcium levels between 0.90 and 1.2 mmol/l. Sodium bicarbonate 5% injection was infused through the return line of the circuit and the substitution flow was initiated with 3.3% of replacement fluid flow and then be adjusted to obtain blood pH value in the normal range (7.35 to 7.45)
The group of adjusted citrate doses:ACD-A was administered in the prefilter ahead of the blood pump and the starting infusion rate was 2.5 % of blood flow and then be adjusted to obtain postfilter ionized calcium levels of less than 0.40 mmol/l. Calcium Gluconate 10% Injection was infused through the return line of the circuit and the substitution flow was initiated with 7.3% of ACD-A flow, and then be adjusted to obtain systemic ionized calcium levels between 0.90 and 1.2 mmol/l. Sodium bicarbonate 5% injection was infused through the return line of the circuit and the starting infusion rate was 4% of replacement fluid flow,and then be adjusted to obtain blood pH value in the normal range (7.35 to 7.45)
Statistical analyses: groups were compared by using Fisher's exact test, Student's t test or Mann-Whitney rank-sum test as appropriate. Circuit lifetime was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and survival curves distribution was compared with the Log Rank test. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors associated with mean filter lifetime in all group patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| fixed citrate doses protocol | Experimental | Fixed citrate doses protocol: Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution ( Na+ 224, citrate 113, bicarbonate 203mmol/l, Fresenius Kabi, Italy) was administered in the prefilter ahead of the blood pump, which was set to meet a circuit citrate concentration of 4 mmol/l (duration: the maximum time is 72 hrs). |
|
| adjusted citrate doses protocol | Active Comparator | Adjusted citrate doses protocol: Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution ( Na+ 224, citrate 113, bicarbonate 203mmol/l, Fresenius Kabi, Italy) was administered in the prefilter ahead of the blood pump, which the starting infusion rate be set 2.5 % of blood flow ( dosage range: 160-250ml/h) and then be adjusted to obtain postfilter ionized calcium levels of less than 0.40 mmol/l (duration: the maximum time is 72 hrs. ) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fixed citrate doses protocol | Other | fixed doses of anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution to meet a circuit citrate concentration of 4 mmol/l. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the survival time of the first filter due to unexpected disconnection | The interval (hours) of the installation and replacement of the first filter. The unexpected disconnection defined as filter clotting more than two grades or transmembranous pressure across the circuit exceeded >300 mmHg. The filters were changed routinely after 72 hours of CVVH treatment, so maximum survival time of the filter was recorded as 72 hrs. | the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the overall survival time of the first filter | The interval (hours) of the installation and replacement of the first filter. The survival time derived from analysis of CVVH stopping for any cause. The reasons for CVVH stopping included unexpected disconnection (defined as filter clotting more than two grades or transmembranous pressure across the circuit exceeded >300 mmHg) and expected disconnection (such as scheduled, catheter malfunction, death or discharge, metabolic complications).The filters were changed routinely after 72 hours of CVVH treatment, so maximum survival time of the filter was recorded as 72 hrs. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Bin Du, Prof. | Department of medical ICU,Peking Union Medical College Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MICU of Peking Union Medical College Hospital | Beijing | Beijing Municipality | 100730 | China |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33784963 | Derived | Shi Y, Qin HY, Peng JM, Hu XY, Du B. Feasibility and efficacy of modified fixed citrate concentration protocol using only commercial preparations in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study with a historical control group. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021 Mar 30;21(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s12871-021-01319-4. |
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|
| adjusted citrate doses protocol | Other | the starting infusion rate of anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution be set 2.5 % of blood flow and then be adjusted to obtain postfilter ionized calcium levels of less than 0.40 mmol/l. |
|
| the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| the frequency of change in the infusion pump rate of calcium gluconate 10% Injection | recorded the change frequency (times per patient per hour ) in calcium gluconate infusion pump during the treatment period. Data were collected from records of the daily prescriptions. | the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| the frequency of change in the infusion pump rate of Sodium Bicarbonate 5% Injection | recorded the change frequency (times per patient per hour) in bicarbonate infusion pump during the treatment period. Data were collected from records of the daily prescriptions. | the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| the frequency of change in the infusion pump rate of Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution | recorded the change frequency (times per patient per hour ) in citrate infusion pump during the treatment period. Data were collected from records of the daily prescriptions. | the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| incidences of severe metabolic disorders | defined as metabolic alkalosis with blood's pH value >7.5, metabolic acidosis with blood's pH value < 7.25, hypocalcemia with ionized calcium < 0.7 mmol/L, hypercalcemia with total serum calcium ≥ 2.75mmol/L, hypernatremia with Na+ ≥ 150mmol/L), bleeding disorders (defined as the decline of hemoglobin 10g/l within 12 hours) and suspected citrate accumulation was identified as a total calcium/ionic calcium index ≥ 2.5 | the time period on CVVH, maximum 72 hour |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016638 | Critical Illness |
| D013927 | Thrombosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D016769 | Embolism and Thrombosis |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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