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The PERHAPS project aims to fill two gaps in the scientific literature: on the one hand, studying the clinical and cognitive particularities of poker-related problems, and on the other hand, studying poker skill as a combination of multiple cognitive and emotional abilities. The underlying clinical aim is to develop a cognitive remediation therapy program dedicated to pathological gamblers.
In the literature, although compulsive poker players undoubtedly share similarities with the compulsive gamblers of other gambling games, clinicians have observed significant specificities in these patients, in terms of personality profile, gaming practices and associated troubles. These specificities could influence the effectiveness of treatment and prevention strategies in many ways. However, there are very few studies focused on the specific poker-related problems, particularly compared to other practices.
Furthermore, skill at poker has often been treated as a unique and general ability. This binary vision is now considered widely insufficient and most researchers recommend exploring the individual cognitive abilities at play in poker skill. To the investigators knowledge, no study has done this to date.
Consequently, the PERHAPS project aims to fill two gaps in the scientific literature: on the one hand, studying the clinical and cognitive particularities of poker-related problems, and on the other hand, studying poker skill as a combination of multiple cognitive and emotional abilities.
Three profiles of poker players will be studied, depending on their gambling practices and whether or not they are addicted: a control group of 30 non-poker players, a group of 30 expert unproblematic poker players, and a group of 30 pathological poker players.
The three groups will be compared with one another on:
Secondarily (ancillary study), pathological poker gamblers will be compared with pathological gamblers of other gambling games (pure chance games n=30 and quasi-skill games n=30).
The PERHAPS project aims to improve knowledge of gambling addiction, particularly as regards poker, in order to optimise prevention and care strategies. The clinical aim is especially to construct a cognitive remediation therapy program. It also intends to discuss the legal framework applied to poker under the gambling regulation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| non-poker players | Other | (control group) |
|
| expert unproblematic poker players | Other | (comparator) |
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| pathological poker players | Other | (comparator) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cognitive, emotional and clinical assessment | Behavioral | Cognitive and emotional assessment: Posner paradigm applied to emotional information (attention and emotional perception abilities), the modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (mental flexibility), the Hayling Sentence Completion Task (verbal inhibition), the Go - No Go test (motor inhibition) and the expressive suppression method (facial expression inhibition) Clinical assessment: gambling course and habits, level of cognitive distortions, control attribution (locus of control), social phobia, motivation for gambling, impulsivity, co-addictions, coping and gambling related-damage |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| attention and emotional perception performances | Modified Posner paradigm Performances will be compared between pathological poker players and non-poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to baseline level) and between pathological poker players and expert unproblematic poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to a gambler level) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| mental flexibility performances | Wisconsin Test (M-WCST) Performances will be compared between pathological poker players and non-poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to baseline level) and between pathological poker players and expert unproblematic poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to a gambler level) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| inhibition performances | Evaluation of inhibition at verbal level: Hayling sentence Completion Task Performances will be compared between pathological poker players and non-poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to baseline level) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| inhibition performances | Evaluation of inhibition at motor level : Go-No Go Task Performances will be compared between pathological poker players and non-poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to baseline level) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| inhibition performances | Evaluation of inhibition et expressive level : suppressive expression method Performances will be compared between pathological poker players and non-poker players (to identify cognitive deficits in pathological players compared to baseline level) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| gambling course and habits | Standardized maintenance grid. The interview allows you to explore gambling habits, possible abstinence periods, different games the game of choice, current practice, damage and the quality of shoring, and resources. | only one assessment so at baseline |
| control attribution (locus of control) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHU de Nantes | Nantes | 44093 | France |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005715 | Gambling |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012309 | Risk-Taking |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D007174 | Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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|
| only one assessment so at baseline |
three-dimensional control location scale of Levenson (IPAH) |
| only one assessment so at baseline |
| level of cognitive distortions, | clinical questionnaires : Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| level of social phobia | clinical questionnaires : social phobia questionnaire Leibowitz, | only one assessment so at baseline |
| motivation for gambling | clinical questionnaires : Gambling motivation questionnaire Reasons Questionnaire (GMQ) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| impulsivity profile | clinical questionnaires : Impulsive Behavior Scale | only one assessment so at baseline |
| psychiatric and addictive comorbidities | clinical questionnaires : Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) | only one assessment so at baseline |
| coping and gambling related-damage | clinical questionnaires : COPE Brief Questionnaire | only one assessment so at baseline |