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The aims of this study are two fold: To show whether there is an increased environmental or genetic susceptibility to stress in patients with T1D and whether it influences diabetes management. And to develop a strategy for the assessment and treatment of patients with T1D and an increased risk for development of psychopathology under stress.
Lately, a marked increase in the incidence and earlier age of onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been noted. These observations could also be connected to an increased prevalence of stressful experiences and a lowered stress tolerance in some children.
The way a person responds to stress is determined by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental experiences at specific times of development have been shown to shape individual's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) stress response. It is known, that early development of central nervous system is critically dependent on child's interaction with the environment (experience dependent maturation), especially to the attachment to caregivers (most often the mother). Appropriate caregiving is connected to lower basal cortisol levels in children and a more stable HPA axis response after the exposure to stress. Any circumstances that disturbed the formation of the attachment to the primary caregiver (e.g. complications at delivery, psychosocial stressors affecting the mother or mother's postpartum depression) resulted in higher HPA axis responsiveness to stress in the affected children.
Changes in individual genes have also been shown to influence a person's susceptibility to stress and risk for the development of stress-induced psychopathology.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 diabetes | Children with Type 1 diabetes, age from 8 to 15 years. The following interventions/exposures will be administered: Behavioral: Psychological background determinations, Genetic: Genetic susceptibility determination, Procedure/Surgery: Cortisol release test, Procedure/Surgery: Saliva cortisol measurement. |
| |
| Healthy control | Healthy primary school pupils, age from 8 to 15 years. The following interventions/exposures will be administered: Behavioral: Psychological background determinations, Genetic: Genetic susceptibility determination, Procedure/Surgery: Saliva cortisol measurement. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological background determinations | Behavioral | For the psychological background determinations a structured interview and questionnaires will be administered:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Significant between group differences in metabolic control | Association between psychological scores, stress reactivity, genetic factors and metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes | 1 month |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Significant differences in psychological scores between groups | Significant differences in psychological scores between the patients with type 1 diabetes and the control group | 1 week |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Children of 8 to 15 years of age with type 1 diabetes with their parents; Healthy primary school pupils of 8 to 15 years of age with their parents
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tadej Battelino, MD, PhD | University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine | Ljubljana | 1000 | Slovenia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21960962 | Background | Nolte T, Guiney J, Fonagy P, Mayes LC, Luyten P. Interpersonal stress regulation and the development of anxiety disorders: an attachment-based developmental framework. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011 Sep 21;5:55. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055. eCollection 2011. | |
| 15511597 | Background | Lupien SJ, Fiocco A, Wan N, Maheu F, Lord C, Schramek T, Tu MT. Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Apr;30(3):225-42. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.08.003. |
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The genes with expected influence to stress reactivity and mental disorders will be tested.
|
| Genetic susceptibility determination | Genetic | DNA will be isolated from the patients' blood samples and form the control subjects buccal swabs. The genes with expected influence to stress reactivity and mental disorders will be tested. |
|
| Cortisol release test | Procedure | Synacthen test - will be used with the group of patients with type 1 diabetes to measure HPA axis reactivity |
|
| Saliva cortisol measurement | Procedure | Saliva cortisol measurement - will be used with the patients before and after the Synacthen test and with the Hashimoto thyroiditis and the healthy control group before and after the Child Attachment Interview |
|
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| 41798019 | Derived | Turin Drouet A, Drobnic Radobuljac M, Bratina N, Karakatic S, Battelino T, Dovc K, Klemencic S. Attachment and psychopathology in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study of children with type 1 diabetes and their healthy peers. Front Psychol. 2026 Feb 19;17:1630917. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1630917. eCollection 2026. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003922 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
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