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The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS) is a clinico-epidemiological longitudinal study started in 1964. It also included a 5-year randomized, controlled multifactorial primary prevention trial of cardiovascular diseases between 1974-1980. The cohort is being actively followed-up through national registers since the 1980, and since 2000 with regular questionnaire surveys. Latest in 2015. Also clinical and laboratory studies have been performed in random subcohorts. Follow-up is ongoing with new hypothesis-generating research questions.
The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS) was originally a convenient cohort of male executives and businessmen (born 1919-1934, n=3490), who participated in health check-ups between 1964-1973, but since the beginning of 1970s it has developed into a clinico-epidemiological longitudinal study. Primary focus was on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but since 2000 focus has been shifting to geriatrics, and with its long follow-up (up to 50 years) HBS can be seen as a "life-course" study. Traditional CVD risk factors are available from the 1960s and in 1974 participants (available n=3310) were divided in groups according to their clinical status and CVD risk. Two high-risk groups (n=1222) and low-risk group (n=593) participated in a 5-year multifactorial primary prevention study in 1974-1980 (in-trial and post-trial results have been published in 1985 and 1991). The whole original cohort has been followed-up from national registers since 1985 and with regular questionnaire surveys since 2000. Random subcohorts have been studied clinically with laboratory and genetic examinations in 2003 and 2011. The latest questionnaire survey was performed in winter 2015 by which two thirds of the original cohort had died. Follow-up of the cohort is ongoing and new research questions formulated..
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total, observational | Various cardiovascular risk groups described below | ||
| High-risk intervention | Healthy but at high risk in 1974 |
| |
| High-risk control | Healthy but at high risk in 1974 | ||
| Low-risk conrtol | Healthy and at low risk in 1974 | ||
| Sick control | Medications or clinical disease in 1974 | ||
| Refused | Refused or no response in 1974 |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Other | Multifactorial intervention with lifestyle changes and drugs as needed |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total mortality: national registers | change from baseline up to 612 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Health-related quality of life: questionnaire data | change from baseline up to 612 months | |
| Geriatric syndromes and disability: questionnaires, clinical examinations, registers | change from baseline up to 612 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Originally a convenient cohort of male executives and businessmen (born 1919-1934, n=3490), who participated in health check-ups during 1964-1973, but since the beginning of 1970s it has developed into a clinic-epidemiological longitudinal study.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Timo E Strandberg, MD | Helsinki University Central Hospital | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1870247 | Result | Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA, Vanhanen HT, Sarna SJ, Miettinen TA. Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. JAMA. 1991 Sep 4;266(9):1225-9. | |
| 4046137 | Result | Miettinen TA, Huttunen JK, Naukkarinen V, Strandberg T, Mattila S, Kumlin T, Sarna S. Multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. Risk factor changes, incidence, and mortality. JAMA. 1985 Oct 18;254(15):2097-102. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013577 | Syndrome |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D003643 | Death |
| D000073496 | Frailty |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004194 | Disease |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008722 | Methods |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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APOE, telomeres, DNA collected for future use
| Morbidity: self-report, national registers, hospital and autopsy records | change from baseline up to 612 months |
| Medications: self-report, national registers | change from baseline up to 612 months |
| Cause-specific mortality: national registers, autopsy records | change from baseline up to 612 months |
| 25014505 | Result | Strandberg AY, Strandberg TE, Stenholm S, Salomaa VV, Pitkala KH, Tilvis RS. Low midlife blood pressure, survival, comorbidity, and health-related quality of life in old age: the Helsinki Businessmen Study. J Hypertens. 2014 Sep;32(9):1797-804. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000265. |
| 38471293 | Derived | Strandberg TE, Pitkala KH, Kivimaki M. Sleep duration in midlife and old age and risk of mortality over a 48-year follow-up: The Helsinki businessmen study (HBS) cohort. Maturitas. 2024 Jun;184:107964. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107964. Epub 2024 Mar 8. |
| 32844221 | Derived | Jyvakorpi SK, Urtamo A, Kivimaki M, Salomaa V, Strandberg TE. Association of midlife body composition with old-age health-related quality of life, mortality, and reaching 90 years of age: a 32-year follow-up of a male cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Nov 11;112(5):1287-1294. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa230. |
| 32444996 | Derived | Jyvakorpi SK, Urtamo A, Kivimaki M, Strandberg TE. Associations of protein source, distribution and healthy dietary pattern with appendicular lean mass in oldest-old men: the Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS). Eur Geriatr Med. 2020 Aug;11(4):699-704. doi: 10.1007/s41999-020-00330-1. Epub 2020 May 22. |