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The objective this research is to conduct a within-subject, experimental study that will describe mothers' feeding practices during typical bottle-feeding conditions and will examine whether removal of visual cues related to the amount of milk/formula in the bottle will alter these feeding practices. The investigators hypothesize that mothers will show higher levels of infant-directed feeding practices and lower levels of mother-directed feeding practices when using opaque, weighted bottles compared to when using standard, clear bottles. The investigators also hypothesize that infants will consume less breast milk or formula when fed from opaque, weighted bottles compared to when fed from standard, clear bottles.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional vs. Opaque, Weighted Bottle | Experimental | This is a within-subject experiment; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from a clear, conventional bottle during one visit and an opaque, weighted bottle during the other visit. Order of conditions will be counterbalanced. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opaque, weighted bottle | Behavioral | This is the experimental condition; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from an opaque, weighted bottle. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Infant intake | Infant intake within a feeding (mL) assessed by weighing the bottle before and after a feeding. | 3-hour period |
| Maternal responsiveness | Maternal responsiveness to infant cues during a feeding assessed by Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale. | 3-hour period |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal acceptance/perception of intervention | Maternal perception/acceptance of the bottles during a feeding assessed through a mixed methods interview. | 3-hour period |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alison K Ventura, PhD | Assistant Professor | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California Polytechnic State University | San Luis Obispo | California | 93401 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25445988 | Background | Ventura AK, Pollack Golen R. A pilot study comparing opaque, weighted bottles with conventional, clear bottles for infant feeding. Appetite. 2015 Feb;85:178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.028. Epub 2014 Nov 28. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001903 | Bottle Feeding |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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This is a within-subject study; mothers are observed during both feeding conditions.
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| Clear, conventional bottle | Behavioral | This is the control condition; mothers will be asked to feed their infants from a clear, conventional bottle. |
|