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The objective of the proposed research is to conduct a within-subject, experimental study that will describe mothers' feeding practices during typical bottle-feeding conditions and will examine whether removal of visual cues related to the amount of milk/formula in the bottle will alter these feeding practices. The investigators hypothesize that mothers will show higher levels of infant-directed feeding practices and lower levels of mother-directed feeding practices when using opaque, weighted bottles compared to when using standard, clear bottles. The investigators also hypothesize that infants will consume less breast milk or formula when fed from opaque, weighted bottles compared to when fed from standard, clear bottles.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clear versus Opaque Bottle | Experimental | This is a within-subject study; all infants will be exposed to both conditions. Order of presentation will be counterbalanced across infants. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bottle Type | Behavioral | Infants will be fed from a conventional, clear bottle during one feeding and from an opaque, weighted bottle from another feeding |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Infant intake within a feeding (mL) | assessed by weighing the bottle before and after a feeding | 3-hour period |
| Maternal responsiveness to infant cues during a feeding | assessed by the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale | 3-hour period |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal perception/acceptance of the bottles during a feeding | 3-hour period |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alison K Ventura, PhD | Drexel University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drexel University | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19102 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25445988 | Result | Ventura AK, Pollack Golen R. A pilot study comparing opaque, weighted bottles with conventional, clear bottles for infant feeding. Appetite. 2015 Feb;85:178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.028. Epub 2014 Nov 28. | |
| 25953601 | Derived | Golen RB, Ventura AK. Mindless feeding: Is maternal distraction during bottle-feeding associated with overfeeding? Appetite. 2015 Aug;91:385-92. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.078. Epub 2015 May 4. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001903 | Bottle Feeding |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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