In this study, up to 20 healthy individuals, 20 endo-ACAB patients, and 20 CABG patients undergo a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test after hospital discharge (for patients only). Exercise tolerance is compared between groups.

In this prospective observational study, up to 20 healthy individuals (no history or presence of any chronic disease, sedentary), 20 endo-ACAB patients, and 20 CABG patients (matched for age, gender and BMI) undergo a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test after hospital discharge (for patients only).During this exercise test, following parameters are assessed at peak effort and at the second ventilatory threshold (determined by VE/VCO2 slope method): oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen saturation (SaO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), resoiratory gas exchange ratio (RER), expiratory volume (VE), ventilatory equivalent for VCO2 (VE/VCO2), ventilatory equivalent for VO2 (VE/VO2), end-tidal O2 pressure (PETO2), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2), heart rate (HR), oxygen pulse (VO2/HR), cycling power output (W), tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rate pressure product (RPP). Peak exercise effort is validated by RERpeak.

Inclusion Criteria:

• undergoing this type of surgery. For healthy subjects: must be sedentary.

Exclusion Criteria:

• any neurologic, nephrologic, respiratory disease. For healthy subjects: any chronic disease or condition.

Patients undergoing CABG surgery or endo-ACAB surgery.