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Ideally randomized controlled trials should be carried out to compare the cost-effectiveness between FNAC and watchful waiting but such studies are very difficult to conduct in practice because they require following up very large number of subjects for a long period of time.
The aims are to determine the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and HRQOL preference (utility) of patients undergoing watchful observation (no FNAC) and routine FNAC, and to determine the cost-effectiveness of two strategies in managing small incidental thyroid nodules for the Chinese population in Hong Kong.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| FNAC | Other | patients will then be randomized routine FNAC strategy |
|
| No FNAC | No Intervention | patients will be randomized to watchful observation strategy (no FNAC) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology | Other |
|
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The measurement of HRQoL by SF-6D Health Survey | Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) preference value measured by The Chinese (HK) SF-6D Health Survey will be calculated by the Hong Kong population specific algorithm. It ranges from 0 (dead) to 1 (perfect health) | Two years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The effectiveness of managing small incidental thyroid nodules and treatment effect on the HRQOL of patients with thyroid carcinoma | The effectiveness of managing small incidental thyroid nodules is quantified by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which will be calculated as the product of average duration of each stage (including no illness) and the SF-6D preference value for that particular health state. The direct health care costs of different strategies in managing small incidental thyroid nodules will be estimated using the costs published by the Government Gazette and previous literatures. HRQOL measured by the Chinese (Hong Kong) Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey version 2 and FACT-G will be evaluated to identify these major problem of life. Health service utilizations of patients with thyroid neoplasm will be surveyed. Treatment effect on the HRQOL of patients with thyroid carcinoma will be explored. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Queen Mary Hospital | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15671771 | Background | Reiners C, Wegscheider K, Schicha H, Theissen P, Vaupel R, Wrbitzky R, Schumm-Draeger PM. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in the working population of Germany: ultrasonography screening in 96,278 unselected employees. Thyroid. 2004 Nov;14(11):926-32. doi: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.926. | |
| 23966243 | Background | Van den Bruel A, Francart J, Dubois C, Adam M, Vlayen J, De Schutter H, Stordeur S, Decallonne B. Regional variation in thyroid cancer incidence in Belgium is associated with variation in thyroid imaging and thyroid disease management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;98(10):4063-71. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1705. Epub 2013 Aug 21. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016606 | Thyroid Nodule |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013964 | Thyroid Neoplasms |
| D004701 | Endocrine Gland Neoplasms |
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
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| Two years |
| 8426623 | Background | Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 25;328(8):553-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199302253280807. No abstract available. |
| 19286747 | Background | Mehanna HM, Jain A, Morton RP, Watkinson J, Shaha A. Investigating the thyroid nodule. BMJ. 2009 Mar 13;338:b733. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b733. No abstract available. |
| 23668555 | Background | McLeod DS, Sawka AM, Cooper DS. Controversies in primary treatment of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2013 Mar 23;381(9871):1046-57. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62205-3. Epub 2013 Mar 22. |
| 24094448 | Background | Sosa JA, Hanna JW, Robinson KA, Lanman RB. Increases in thyroid nodule fine-needle aspirations, operations, and diagnoses of thyroid cancer in the United States. Surgery. 2013 Dec;154(6):1420-6; discussion 1426-7. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.07.006. Epub 2013 Oct 2. |
| 19542415 | Background | Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, Yee J. Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Jul;193(1):207-13. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1820. |
| 20020290 | Background | Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Inoue H, Fukushima M, Kihara M, Higashiyama T, Tomoda C, Takamura Y, Kobayashi K, Miya A. An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients. World J Surg. 2010 Jan;34(1):28-35. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0303-0. |
| 23564944 | Background | Pacini F. Management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: primum non nocere! J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Apr;98(4):1391-3. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1634. No abstract available. |
| 21228935 | Background | Moon WJ, Baek JH, Jung SL, Kim DW, Kim EK, Kim JY, Kwak JY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee YH, Na DG, Park JS, Park SW; Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR); Korean Society of Radiology. Ultrasonography and the ultrasound-based management of thyroid nodules: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol. 2011 Jan-Feb;12(1):1-14. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2011.12.1.1. Epub 2011 Jan 3. |
| Background | American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated |
| 32307641 | Derived | Wong CKH, Liu X, Lang BHH. Cost-effectiveness of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and watchful observation for incidental thyroid nodules. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020 Nov;43(11):1645-1654. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01254-0. Epub 2020 Apr 19. |
| 31741168 | Derived | Wong CKH, Lang BHH. A randomized trial comparing health-related quality-of-life and utility measures between routine fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and surveillance alone in patients with thyroid incidentaloma measuring 1-2 cm. Endocrine. 2020 Feb;67(2):397-405. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02129-y. Epub 2019 Nov 18. |
| 28224296 | Derived | Wong CKH, Lang BHH, Yu HMS, Lam CLK. EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D Utility Measures in Symptomatic benign Thyroid Nodules: Acceptability and Psychometric Evaluation. Patient. 2017 Aug;10(4):447-454. doi: 10.1007/s40271-017-0220-5. |
| D006258 |
| Head and Neck Neoplasms |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D013959 | Thyroid Diseases |