Patients eligibility to targeted therapies relies on a molecular test performed on a tumor sample collected by biopsy. This invasive procedure is associated with a relative high risk of morbidity and requires the intervention of a costly and important technical platform. Thus, inoperable patients can be deprived from potentially more efficient therapies. A "liquid biopsy" of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) present in the blood and their molecular characterization is an appealing alternative to meet an urgent need for these patients. Moreover no CTC-based molecular test is currently routinely available.

The 5-year survival rate of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is low. Recent reports demonstrated that the detection of an ALK rearrangement in the tumor tissue allows patients with late-stages NSCLC to benefit from crizotinib treatment.

However, 1) the detection of an ALK rearrangement is currently performed on small biopsies or fine-needle aspirates and can be hindered by the limited tissue quantities available. Tumor tissue is difficult to obtain in patients with advanced/metastatic lung cancer for whom surgery is rarely a component of treatment. Finding alternative and more effective means of diagnosing an ALK rearrangement are critical issues for identifying patients who may benefit from treatment with crizotinib; 2) some patients develop resistance to crizotinib due to de novo ALK mutations.

In this setting, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which have been shown to be detectable by ISET (Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cells) method in 80% to 100 % of late stages lung cancer patients represent a non-invasive and easily accessible source of tumor material for assessing ALK rearrangement and escaping mutations in a kinetic manner. The ISET method was first published in 2000 and several independent teams have now established its high sensitivity and specificity of ISET for NSCLC. With ISET, specificity can be achieved using the same methods and criteria used by cytopathologists to diagnose solid tumors.

The high sensitivity and specificity of ISET are two essential starting points for the feasibility of this present project. Low-throughput molecular characterization of CTCs isolated by ISET has also been achieved. The remaining challenge consists in developing high-throughput ISET-based molecular tests for personalized medicine that are transferable to the clinics.

The Team 1 at the CHU de Nice and the Team 2 at the Gustave Roussy Institute have demonstrated that the detection of an ALK rearrangement in CTC isolated by ISET is feasible and consistent with results obtained in corresponding tumor tissues. In this context, the aim of this project is to obtain 1) a definitive prospective clinical validation of the use of CTC as an alternative to tumor tissue for ALK analysis-based patients stratification; 2) a proof that escaping mutations can be detected early by kinetic analysis of CTC in patients treated by crizotinib. ALK rearrangement will be prospectively investigated in CTCs isolated by ISET at diagnosis and during follow up from patients with stage IIIb/IV lung cancer and de novo mutations will be searched in patients with resistance to crizotinib. This study will provide both clinical and economic benefit to targeted treatment of patients with advanced lung cancer.

This project is strongly original as no CTC-based ALK rearrangement test has been independently validated up to now with clinical samples. The development of non-invasive theranostic test through the genetic analysis of CTCs is a clinically relevant goal for non-invasive stratification of cancer patients, avoiding morbidity related to lung biopsy and surgery. It would allow determining patient's eligibility to targeted therapies on a blood sample analysis. CTC-based ALK test could be useful to guide the choice of ALK targeted therapy in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, developing biomarkers based on CTCs analysis would open the way to the non-invasive follow up of aggressive cancers, early detection of mutations associated with resistance to targeted therapies and tailoring treatment to a real time analysis of the evolving tumor cell populations. This test is expected to markedly improve patients' quality of life avoiding invasive diagnostic procedures.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 years old or older
• Histologically confirmed stage IIIb/IV non-squamous NSCLC undergoing biopsy or surgery
• Presence of ALK rearrangement result by FISH analysis (gold standard method) on tumor tissue
• Signed specific informed consent approved by the Institutional Review Board prior to patient entry
• Affiliation to the social security system

Exclusion Criteria:

• Vulnerable persons: adults under guardianship or persons deprived of their liberty, patients under 18 years old
• Medical and/or psychiatric problems of sufficient severity to limit full compliance with the study or expose patients to undue risk