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The main aim of the current study will be to compare the effects of ingesting different nitrate-rich sources on plasma nitrite concentrations.
Oral ingestion of nitrate (NO3-) has been shown to increase plasma nitrate and nitrite levels. Significant lowering of pulmonary oxygen uptake during exercise, as well as significantly lower blood pressure values at rest have been observed after supplementation with nitrate. However, no study has yet described a direct comparison between different nitrate-rich beverages with respect to the bioavailability of nitrate/nitrite and the possible hemodynamic effects. Based on the gaps in current literature, our main goal will therefore be to gain further insight into the effects of nitrate supplementation with different sources on plasma nitrite levels.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium nitrate | Active Comparator | Dietary supplement: 800 mg of nitrate in sodium nitrate added with water to get a 140 mL solution (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) |
|
| Beetroot juice | Active Comparator | Dietary supplement: 800 mg of nitrate in concentrated beetroot juice (Beet-IT) |
|
| Spinach | Active Comparator | Dietary supplement: 800 mg of nitrate in a spinach based beverage |
|
| Rocket salad | Active Comparator | Dietary supplement: 800 mg of nitrate in a rocket salad based beverage |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium nitrate | Dietary Supplement |
| ||
| Beetroot juice |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma nitrite levels | Plasma nitrite levels following ingestion of dietary nitrate | Baseline until 5 hours after ingestion |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma levels of nitrate | Plasma nitrate levels following ingestion of dietary nitrate | Baseline until 5 hours post-ingestion |
| Resting blood pressure | Resting blood pressure measures following ingestion of dietary nitrate |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | Resting blood pressure, height, body weight, age, BMI | 1 hour during visit 1 (Screening) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lex Verdijk, PhD | Maastricht University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maastricht University Medical Centre+ | Maastricht | Limburg | 6200MD | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23640589 | Background | Wylie LJ, Kelly J, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Skiba PF, Winyard PG, Jeukendrup AE, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Aug 1;115(3):325-36. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013. Epub 2013 May 2. | |
| 18723086 | Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C031618 | sodium nitrate |
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| Dietary Supplement |
|
| Spinach | Dietary Supplement |
|
| Rocket salad | Dietary Supplement |
|
| Baseline, 2.5 hours and 5 hours post-ingestion |
| Tongue scraping to assess bacterial mouth flora. | Tongue scraping to assess bacterial mouth flora. | 5 h post-ingestion |
| van Velzen AG, Sips AJ, Schothorst RC, Lambers AC, Meulenbelt J. The oral bioavailability of nitrate from nitrate-rich vegetables in humans. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Oct 1;181(3):177-81. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.07.019. Epub 2008 Aug 3. |
| 22414688 | Background | Hobbs DA, Kaffa N, George TW, Methven L, Lovegrove JA. Blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and novel beetroot-enriched bread products in normotensive male subjects. Br J Nutr. 2012 Dec 14;108(11):2066-74. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512000190. Epub 2012 Mar 14. |
| 24120618 | Background | Liu AH, Bondonno CP, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Woodman RJ, Rich L, Ward NC, Vita JA, Hodgson JM. Effects of a nitrate-rich meal on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in healthy volunteers. Nitric Oxide. 2013 Nov 30;35:123-30. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.001. Epub 2013 Oct 10. |
| 22248502 | Background | Cermak NM, Gibala MJ, van Loon LJ. Nitrate supplementation's improvement of 10-km time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012 Feb;22(1):64-71. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64. |
| 27075914 | Derived | Jonvik KL, Nyakayiru J, Pinckaers PJ, Senden JM, van Loon LJ, Verdijk LB. Nitrate-Rich Vegetables Increase Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations and Lower Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults. J Nutr. 2016 May;146(5):986-93. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.229807. Epub 2016 Apr 13. |