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Objectives: To determine the effect of protein content of familiar breakfast meals on subjective appetite, food intake (FI), glycemic response and Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) in normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW)/obese (OB) children.
Specific Objectives:
1a.To determine the effect of familiar breakfast meals (450 kcal containing eggs and varying in protein content (15, 30, and 45g) on subjective appetite, glycemic response and food intake at a test meal 4 h later in NW and. OW/OB children.
1b. To describe the effect of isocaloric (450 kcal) familiar breakfasts either high in protein (optimal protein from Objective 1a) or low in protein on TEF and substrate utilization over 5 h in NW and OW/OB children.
Hypothesis: The investigators hypothesize that increasing the high-quality protein content of a breakfast meal will dose dependently increase subjective satiety, lower FI and glycemic response, and increase the TEF in both NW and OW/OB children.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Protein Meal | Experimental | Low Protein Test Meal (15 g) |
|
| Moderate Protein Meal | Experimental | Moderate Protein Meal (30 g) |
|
| High Protein Meal | Experimental | High Protein Meal (45g) |
|
| Control Meal | Experimental | High Carbohydrate Control Meal (7 g of protein) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Meal | Other | High carbohydrate meal |
| |
| Low Protein Meal |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 1a) Ad libitum food intake (in kcal) | Four hours after breakfast |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 1b) The thermic effect of a high versus low protein meal | REE will be determined by indirect calorimetry under a ventilated hood (ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 automated metabolic gas analysis system, Parvo Medics, USA) | Resting energy expenditure (REE) at baseline and up to five hours post test meal |
| Subjective Appetite |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ryerson University, FIRST Labaratory. 350 Victoria Street | Toronto | Ontario | M5B 2K3 | Canada |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| Other |
Omelet with 15 g of protein |
|
| Moderate Protein Meal | Other | Omelet with 30 g of protein |
|
| High Protein Meal | Other | Omelet with 45 g of protein |
|
| Assessed every 15 min for 4 h |
| Blood glucose response | Finger prick capillary blood glucose (in mmol/L) at baseline, after breakfast (30 min), at 60 min, and in 1h intervals onward | Measures at 15, or 60 min intervals for 4 h |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |