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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Zagreb | OTHER |
| St. Luke's Medical Center | OTHER |
| Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition | OTHER |
| UNICEF |
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The purpose of this study is to determine whether universal salt iodization (USI) meets the iodine requirements of pregnant women, lactating women and infants.
Because pregnant women, lactating women and infants are the groups most vulnerable to iodine deficiency and its irreversible consequences, programs should focus on these groups. But like other mass fortification strategies, it is uncertain whether USI can meet the increased dietary requirements of pregnant women, lactating women and infants. Objective of this study to test whether USI can meet the dietary requirements of iodine in women of reproductive age, pregnant women, lactating women and infants up to 2 years of age without causing excess iodine intake in school children and non-pregnant non-lactating women. The study hypothesis is that USI, when fortified at adequate levels and applied to all salt consumed, including both household salt and salt used for processed foods, provides adequate dietary iodine for all population groups, except for weaning infants; while not posing any risk of excessive iodine intakes in other age groups.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women of reproductive age | Age: 18-44 years | ||
| Pregnant women | Age: 18-44 years | ||
| Lactating women | Age: 18-44 years | ||
| Young infants | Age: younger than 6 months | ||
| Toddlers | Age: between 6 and 24 months | ||
| School-aged children | Age: 6-12 years |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Urinary iodine concentration (µg/L) | Participants will be assessed only once. However, for 30% of the study participants urinary iodine concentration will be assessed in spot samples collected on two different days, spread over an expected average of 5 days. | 1 day |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Thyroglobulin (µg/L) | Thyroglobulin will be measured in all population groups | 1 day |
| Breast milk iodine concentration (µg/L) | Breast milk iodine concentration will be measured in lactating women. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Thyroid function (TSH, T4) | Thyroid function (TSH, T4) will be measured where relevant. | 1 day |
| Urinary sodium excretion (mg/day) | Urinary sodium excretion will be assessed in school age children and women of reproductive age. Participants will be assessed only once. However, for urinary sodium excretion 30% of the study participants will be assessed in spot samples collected on two different days, spread over an expected average of 5 days |
Inclusion Criteria:
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In each of the four study countries, six population groups will be studied:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Maria Andersson, PhD | ETH Zurich | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shanxi Institute for Prevention and Treatment of Endemic Disease | Linfen | Shanxi | 041000 | China | ||
| University of Zagreb |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29659964 | Derived | Dold S, Zimmermann MB, Jukic T, Kusic Z, Jia Q, Sang Z, Quirino A, San Luis TOL, Fingerhut R, Kupka R, Timmer A, Garrett GS, Andersson M. Universal Salt Iodization Provides Sufficient Dietary Iodine to Achieve Adequate Iodine Nutrition during the First 1000 Days: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Nutr. 2018 Apr 1;148(4):587-598. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy015. | |
| 28228508 |
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| OTHER |
| Shanxi Institute for Prevention and Treatment of Endemic Disease | UNKNOWN |
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Urine, dried blood spots, breast milk
| 1 day |
| 1 day |
| Zagreb |
| 10000 |
| Croatia |
| University of Santo Tomas Hospital | Manila | Philippines |
| ETH Zurich | Zurich | 8092 | Switzerland |
| Dold S, Zimmermann MB, Aboussad A, Cherkaoui M, Jia Q, Jukic T, Kusic Z, Quirino A, Sang Z, San Luis TO, Vandea E, Andersson M. Breast Milk Iodine Concentration Is a More Accurate Biomarker of Iodine Status Than Urinary Iodine Concentration in Exclusively Breastfeeding Women. J Nutr. 2017 Apr;147(4):528-537. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.242560. Epub 2017 Feb 22. |