Cancer health disparities related to race and ethnicity are among the most serious problems facing the US health care system. A recent institute of medicine report stated that such disparities are seen at every level of health care, from prevention to treatment and follow-up. This problem is acutely evident in the figures for colorectal cancer (CRC) among African Americans. According to the American cancer society, African Americans have the highest CRC incidence and mortality of any ethnic/racial group. Indeed, CRC incidence and mortality are 15% and 43% higher among African Americans than whites, respectively. These disparities could be effectively reduced through greater African American participation in CRC screening and early detection. More importantly, due to the preponderance of CRC in African Americans beyond the reach of the flexible sigmoidoscopy (1), increased adherence to colonoscopy among African Americans will save lives. Although there is clear evidence that providing patients with someone to help them manage/navigate the health care system (i.e., patient navigation (PN)) is effective in helping them to complete cancer screening, very few hospitals provide PN for colonoscopy. The vast majority of hospitals in NYC are unable to provide PN for patients for whom colonoscopy is recommended, in large part because of the costs associated with professional-led PN. This project seeks to address this serious public health problem by investigating the success of training African Americans who have undergone colonoscopy to serve as volunteer peer patient navigators to encourage others from their community to complete CRC screening via colonoscopy.

The overall goal of the study was to reduce CRC morbidity and mortality by increasing African American participation in colonoscopy. This was done by development and implementation of a training program for Peer Patient Navigation (PPN) to increase participation of African Americans in colonoscopy.

The primary care physician referred all participants and introduced the study to the patient. The physician will then introduced the patient to the Research Assistant/Recruiter immediately following the medical visit during which a CRC screening colonoscopy was recommended. The Research Assistant/Recruiter reviewed the study and asked potential participants if they were interested; if so, the candidate's eligibility was determined. If these criteria were met and the patient wanted to be in the study, informed consent and HIPAA was reviewed and obtained. If the patient wanted to think about his/her decision, informed consent was obtained at a later date.

Patients were referred and scheduled for screening colonoscopy as part of standard of care. Both groups received 3 intervention phone calls from their assigned navigators, 1) to schedule the colonoscopy, 2) a call 2 weeks before the procedure and, 3) a third call three days before the procedure.

For research purposes, participants were randomized to one of two kinds of patient navigation:

1. Standard patient navigation receiving care that they would normally receive if they were not participating in the study with navigation from the GI staff, and three phone calls involved scheduling and reminding the participant about their colonoscopy appointment.
2. Peer Patient Navigation (PPN): Participants were assisted by African American peers who have undergone colonoscopy, and were able to discuss, first-hand, their personal experience undergoing colonoscopy and describe how they coped effectively with the procedure.

PPN's underwent three months of training supervised by study investigators. Multiple modes of training were used (didactic discussion, observation, role-playing, one-on-one sessions, ongoing feedback, rehearsal, supervision via review of audio-tape recording or PPNs and a take-home training manual).

A medical chart review was completed after the colonoscopy for all patients to assess completion of the examination as well as prep quality and any findings where additional clinical follow-up was required. Colonoscopy results were also collected to assess quality of care and measure the effectiveness of PPN navigations compared to standard of care, particularly potential differences based on study group, i.e., compliance.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Be self-identified as African-American
• Referral from a primary care physician for colonoscopy
• Agree to undergo colonoscopy at a participating hospital
• Be at least 50 years of age or older
• Have telephone service
• Be able to provide informed consent in English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Personal or family history (1st degree relative) of colon cancer
• Personal history of any chronic GI disorder (i.e., irritable bowel syndrome, colitis)