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Depression is associated with impairments in executive functions, including working memory (WM) which is needed to maintain and manipulate goal-relevant information. Due to these WM impairments depressed individuals have difficulties inhibiting and shifting from irrelevant (negative) information and updating goal relevant information. This study explored whether training WM decreases these impairments and reduces clinical symptoms of depression, anxiety and rumination. Sixty-one students with an elevated score on the BDI-II, representing a dysphoric mood state, executed a working memory training (n = 34) or placebo training (n = 27). Before and after training their depression, anxiety, rumination and working memory were assessed. Furthermore, they executed a working memory task while their pupil dilation was measured to assess their fatigue. Moreover, the investigators compared the dysphoric students with a healthy student population on all measures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory training | Experimental | Participants executed the training for three weeks, three times a week, half an hour per session. The training was a game in which the participant was a person who had to become strong to fight with a fantasy figure. The person could become stronger when giving the right answers in eight different working memory tasks. The level adapted to the working memory capacity of the participant. |
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| Placebo training | Placebo Comparator | Participants executed the training for three weeks, three times a week, half an hour per session. The training was a game in which the participant was a person who had to become strong to fight with a fantasy figure. The person could become stronger when giving the right answers in eight different working memory tasks. The level in the placebo condition was easy and did not adapt to the working memory capacity of the participant. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory training | Behavioral |
| ||
| Placebo training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) score change between pre and post measurement | Depression is measured with the BDI-II | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores change from pre to post training measurement | The STAI measures state, trait and total anxiety | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) score change between pre and post training | The RRS measures rumination | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) |
| Spanboard task |
Inclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erasmus University Rotterdam | Rotterdam | South Holland | 3000 DR | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26075389 | Derived | Hopstaken JF, Wanmaker S, van der Linden D, Bakker AB. Does Dysphoria Lead to Divergent Mental Fatigue Effects on a Cognitive Task? PLoS One. 2015 Jun 15;10(6):e0130304. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130304. eCollection 2015. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D000079562 | Rumination Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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| Behavioral |
|
The Spanboard task measures working memory capacity
| Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) |
| N-back task | The n-back task was assessed while participants pupil dilation was measured with the eyetracker. The aim of this measurement was to measure fatigue. | Pre training (baseline), post training (6 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) |
| D004066 |
| Digestive System Diseases |
| D001068 | Feeding and Eating Disorders |