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Dysfunctioning executive functioning, including working memory (WM), is related to rumination. Findings show that working memory capacity (WMC) can be increased by training. The current study explored by means of a double-blind randomized controlled trial whether an adaptive WM training could reduce rumination, anxiety and depression in a sample of 98 depressed and anxious individuals.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo working memory training | Placebo Comparator |
| |
| Working memory training | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory training | Behavioral |
| ||
| Placebo training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) score from pre to post training and after two months (follow up 2) | Dutch version; Raes, Hermans, & Eelen, 2003) measures the frequency of self-reported rumination behavior, with answer options ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). The total score of the 22 items was used in the analyses. | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) score from pre to post training and after two months (follow up 2) | The Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Dutch version: Van der Does, 2002) measures the severity of depression symptoms of the last two weeks. | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The change in Internal Shift Task (IST) score from pre to post training and to follow up (two months after post) | The Internal Shift Task (IST; De Lissnyder et al., 2012) measures the ability to shift attention between items stored in WM. | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erasmus University Rotterdam | Rotterdam | South Holland | 3000 DR | Netherlands |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003865 | Depressive Disorder, Major |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D000079562 | Rumination Syndrome |
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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| Behavioral |
|
| Change in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) score from pre to post training and after two months (follow up 2) | The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983, Dutch version; Van der Ploeg, Defares, & Spielberger, 1979) measures self-reported anxiety, divided in state anxiety and trait anxiety. | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
| The change in Digit Span score from pre to post training and to follow up (two months after post) | The Digit Span (Lumley & Calhoun, 1934), which consist of two parts: the forward and backward span, with 14 trials each. The forward Digit Span is a frequently used measure for short term memory, an important subcomponent of the memory system (Shipstead et al., 2012) and the backward version measures WM. | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
| The change in Reading Span partial-credit unit score from pre to post training and to follow up (two months after post) | The Reading Span (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980), the third WMC assessment, measures the processing and storage functions of the WM (Shipstead et al., 2012). | Pre training (baseline), post training (4 weeks after baseline, training starts 1 day after baseline) and follow-up (2 months after post-test) |
| D004066 |
| Digestive System Diseases |
| D001068 | Feeding and Eating Disorders |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |